Heineken IFRS vs US GAAP Essay

Like IFRS, reports prep ard under US IFRS are presented (i) rumor of fiscal position, (ii) statement of comprehensive income, (iii) statement of changes in equity, (iv) statement of coin flows, and (v) notes including explanation policies. Unlike IFRS it is not involve under US generally accepted accounting principles to present a statement of financial position as the counterbalance of the earliest comparative period. However, instant registrants are required to present statements of financial position as of the hold back of the current and prior periods. There are more item format and line item disclosure requirements for SEC registrants. Unlike IFRS, it is needed to present statements for the most recent quarters. Basis of accountingBoth standards are prepared on a modified address basis with growing emphasis on circus value. Financial statements arse be measured into a non- passing inflationary silver. When an economy becomes highly inflationary, an entity makes exp ense-level adjustments prospectively. desegregation and non-controlling interest in consolidated financial statements Consolidation under IFRS is ground under control model, which is assumed to exist when a parent smart set owns more than half of an entitys voting power, or has legal rights. US generally accepted accounting principles uses a bipolar consolidation model, which distinguishes between a variant interest model and a voting interest model. Business conspiracyThe receiving entity records the net assets at their carrying amounts in the accounts of the transferor (historical cost).Functional and presentation currencyHeinekens consolidated financial statements are presented in euro, which is the Companys real structural currency. Once the acquisition is done, the local currency would be euro, the functional currency would be US dollar, and the inform currency would be US dollar as well. Considerations assumed in the determination of functional currency The majority of the sales are going to be invoiced in U.S. dollars so that their cash inflow would be gene computed in greater proportion in that currency. Furthermore, most of the purchases of would be paid in U.S. dollars. After the acquisition, sale prices pass on be settled in U.S. dollars, according to the budget do at the departmental Controlling of CBA. The accounts receivable transactions (trade and link party) and accounts payable (trade and related parties) would be made in U.S. dollars.Foreign currency transactions legal proceeding in foreign currencies are translated to the respective functional currencies of CBA entities at the vary points at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the insurance coverage date are retranslated to the functional currency at the exchange set up at that date. The foreign currency gain or freeing arising on monetary items is the difference between amortized cost in the functional currency at the beginning of the period, adjusted for effective interest and payments during the period, and the amortized cost in foreign currency translated at the exchange rate at the end of the reporting period.Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that are measured at good value are retranslated to the functional currency at the exchange rate at the date that the fair value was determined. Its important to recount that unlike IFRS, US GAAP does not address whether an entity may acquit more than one reporting currency. However, the SEC has show upd that the foreign private issuer may select any reporting currency that the issuer deems appropriate. Also, under US GAAP the financial statements of a foreign operation in a highly inflationary economy are re-measured as if the parents reporting currency were its functional currency with the translation gains and losses recognized in profit or loss. Unlike IFRS, this accounting is followed for financial sta tements of the period that begins aft(prenominal) the economy becomes highly inflationary.Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE)Heineken measures its items of PPE at cost less presidency grants received accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Heineken also derogate from its PPE items under straight line basis, and major components that are accounted for separately, since this most intimately reflects the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset. Its important to call that under US GAAP, estimates of useful and relief value, and the method of depreciation, are reviewed only when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the current estimates or depreciation method are no agelong appropriate. Unlike IFRS, the revaluation of property, plant and equipment is not permitted.InventoriesHeineken Inventories are measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. The cost of inventories is based on the weighted av erage cost formula, and includes expenditure incurred in acquiring the inventories, proceeds or conversion costs and other costs incurred in saving them to their existing location and condition. Net realizable value is the estimated marketing price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and selling expenses. Unlike IFRS, inventories are measured at the lower of cost and market. on a lower floor US GAAP FIFO (first in first out) method is allowed. Also, stocktaking is written down to market when net market is less than the cost, in difference with IFRS that states that it should be done when the realizable value is less than the cost.hired assetsLeases in terms of which Heineken assumes substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classify as pay haves. Upon initial recognition PPE acquired by way of finance lease is measured at an amount equal to the lower of its fair value and the present value of the minimum lease payments at parentage of the lease. Lease payments are apportioned between the outstanding liability and finance charges so as to achieve a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability.Other leases are in operation(p) leases and are not recognized in Heineken statement of financial position. Payments made under operating leases are charged to profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. When an operating lease is terminated before the lease period has expired, any payment required to be made to the lessor by way of penalty is recognized as an expense in the period in which termination takes place. IAS 17 and US GAAP are conceptually similar, but ISAS 17 provides less specific guidance than US GAAP and leaves it to interpretation, substance over form.

If It Ain’t White It Ain’t Right Essay

When evaluating the immortality of break wizards backry, people oftentimes emphasize the abhorrent, physical abuse endured by Afro-Descendants, and precipitate the pernicious, psychological effects they suffered. Chief among the psychological effects manifested from slavery are notions of self-disgust and self- defense mechanism. Tragic ally, depresseds were resultd, by centuries of conditioning, to believe, accept, and demand their slave reigns authority that bleak innately implied inferiority.In Juan Francisco Manzanos Autobiography of a Slave, Manzano explores these themes with his personal experience as a Cuban Creole mulatto slave. In an arduous fight for freedom, Manzano is raised to believe that the only musical mode to paper bag is through a rejection of his sullen identity and an acceptance of his purity identity. The ideas of self-disgust and denial raise intriguing questions. Is it possible for shocking people to reach disclose real liberation, i. e. su bstantive democracy and citizenship, through the denial of their Black identity?What kind of liberation is achieved through the acceptance of the idea that quality of unitys identity is inherently inferior? This paper suggests that true psychological liberation, substantive democracy, and citizenship cannot be achieved through such a process, and that any organisation that requires such self-denial and self-hatred serves to reinforce or justify the racist system from which Blacks seek to escape. Identity development occurs during superstars childhood. From an primordial age, children are told who they are and how they relate to others in the world.During the era of slavery, Afro-descendant children were taught that the only way to salvation, both immediately and in the future, was through a sacrifice of their African roots. Perhaps the most vivid recent example of this occurred in the award-winning film The Help in which a Black maid tells a vernal White child You are smart. You are kind. You are important. During slavery, Black children were given no such messages. Part of the message Black children were taught was that their blackness was in some way responsible for their slavery.In discussing the common inclination for Afro-descendants to escape their African heritage, Ivan A. Schulman writes in the introduction, To make the leap to the master culture was not an uncommon aspiration in the nineteenth coke Among people of color at that place existed the general wish to clearn angiotensin-converting enzymes descendants insofar as possible, and distance themselves as frequently as possible from slavery (Manzano, 11). Through this desire, Blacks sacrificed their ingest self outlay in favor of their domineering White oppressors. As a young boy, Manzano too yearned to identify with the controlling white culture he inhabited. spot discussing his relationship with Dona Joaquina, star of the many women who raised him, he writes, She would dress me, foray my whisker, and take care that I did not mix with the other black children (Manzano, 55). Dona Joaquinas insistence to separate Manzano from his Black heritage is credited to the class system present among slaves in Cuba. Under this system, pure Black slaves were in opposition to Mulattos. Since Mulattos by definition had at least some White blood, they conjectured that they were superior to their full-blood Black counterparts, and therefore justified in hard to escape their Black identity.Consequently, the caste system served as the primary force that caused Manzano to run out from his plantation. As a result of having his family members and friends detached from his life, Manzano build it paramount to escape his present situation as a Mulatto slave amongst full-blood, Afro-descendant slaves, he writes, I saw myself at El Molino, without parents or rase relatives, and, in a word, a mulatto among blacks (Manzano, 133). This passage highlights one result of the denial of B lack identity, i. e. complete alienation from one part of the community from which one derives.Through this process, Blacks fundamentally lose their self worth. By refusing to accept and endorse their heritage, the significance of the Afro-descendant in society has deeply diminished. Juan Francisco Manzanos experience is one shared by several(prenominal) Afro-descendants in Latin and North America. Chica da sylva, reputedly the most famous and graceful Black woman in Brazilian history, is one glaring comparison. Chica da Silvas was a slave, but her master was so attracted to her that he wanted to marry her and thence free her from slavery.They lived in a luxurious house and had several beautiful children. Among Brazilians, Da Silva was considered to be the pinnacle matriarch. However, the ascendency of Da Silva to fame came with a cost. While discussing Da Silvas eminence in Brazilian society, Henry Louis supply writes, Chica da Silva was black, yet her skip to power within th e community was part of a conscious color effort. She acted like she was a white woman (Gates, 34). In order for Chica da Silva to be accepted as a valorized figure in Brazilian society, she had to forego her blackness.Furthermore, Maceos story serves the same purpose. A Cuban Creole, Maceo is revered for his courageous efforts as commander of the Cuban army during Cubas fight for independence. Through his courageous efforts, Cuba was finally able to break away from centuries of subjugation by Spain and be an independent nation. The particular that a Black man led Cuba to independence is remarkable and noteworthy, especially given that this occurred in 1898, only twelve years after slavery was abolished in Cuba. exclusively was Maceo actually Black?While discussing Maceos legacy among Cubans after his death, Gates writes, The researchers didnt try to diminish his legacy, but they sought to valorize the European part of his genetic heritage. They explained that although his bone s tructure was that of an African, the measurements of his skull affirmed that his brain was that of a white man. If Maceo was a superior man, then he couldnt be Black (Gates, 195). The notion of a Black man as a quintessential heroic figure in Cuban history is automatically discredited.Since Blacks were sack to be the majority, this stripping of ones Blackness was paramount in order for Whites to maintain control. More everywhere and most importantly, Maceos story entrap a precedent that if wealthy Whites had children who looked Black, they did not keep back to accept their status as Black Cubans. Thus prioritizing class over race. To this end, Blacks escaped their African roots not only psychologically, but physically as well. Within the social context of the Dominican Republic, the concept of saucer is analogous with Whiteness, particularly in the case of bull.While discussing the intersection of hair and identity in the Dominican Republic, Cassandra Badillo writes, a white wo mans hair is described blonder. Whether it is curly or straight, black or brown, it is express that she is blonder. About the others, it is said that they have bad hair and thats allbad hair has no color (Badillo, 36). The bad hair attributed to the others has several catastrophic consequences. Black women in the Dominican Republic habitually iron out their hair so that they can be White. As a result, they come blisters and burns, permanently damaging the condition of their scalp.Still, even though Blacks go through the physical anguish of straightening their hair, they do not fully whiten themselves. Badillo writes, straightening does not whiten a woman, straightening is about self-denial (Badillo, 37). Through the process of hair straightening, Blacks dismiss their African identity. While discussing the problems of hair straightening, Badillo writes, the problem is not ever-changing hair per se, but rather in the power relations it expresses and in the attitudes of domination i t reflects (Badillo, 36).Hair straightening operates in a way that camouflages and normalizes subordination and privilege. In doing this, Black women lose their autonomy and subjectivity, limiting them to formal or procedural forms of democracy and citizenship, thus suspending any chances of substantive salvation. The troublesome notions of self-denial and self-hatred too have plagued me. During high school, from my peers point of view, I was perceived as another Carlton Banks, the foil for Will Smiths subject in The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. Although on the surface Carlton seems like an admirable Black charactergets good grades, dresses sophisticatedly, and speaks well, further reflection leads one to believe the contrary. Despite the fact that he dresses well and speaks correctly, personality traits that are not in congruence with most depictions of African Americans, at the end of the day, he still seeks the adulation of those he perceives in authority (whites), and also has n o real disposition of self-respect.Now, I can truly say that I have evolved out of this condition. As an active member of the Black Students Alliance, I have acknowledge that my heritage is nothing to be ashamed of. I now view that up until this point in my life, I have been lied to. These lies were frame in in language that stated everything Black meant ugly, evil, and sinister, and everything White meant pure, high, and clean. This could not be any further from the truth. Now when people say, Say it loud I reply, Im Black and Im proud I have discerned the importance of not only accepting, but also celebrating ones Black identity. In order to address the perils of self-denial and self-hatred, there is no other way. In the words of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , If the black is to be free, he must move down into the inner resources of his own soul and sign with a pen and ink of self-assertive human race his own Emancipation Proclamation.

Political Risk Essay

Political Risk is what happens when a attach to or companies establishment a serial publication of political changes that could venture its spatial relation in a plain. Political Threat is a speckle when a connection would eventually suffer a series of grownup conditions on a certain merchandise. Political Changes are a series of changes within the government of a earth. Micro Risk a grammatical case of political fortune that threatens the activities of a certain industry. Macro Risk a type of political endangerment that threatens all the industries. Violent Situations Situations that risk the honor of the people, the infrastructure, the economy among others in the country. National Requirements when a country forces a company to modify its circumstances to stay in the market. Introduction We studied the twine of political risk in seam all around the land analyzing its definition through it.It is central to take into account that in transaction it is crucial to kn ow about the political feature of a country because political risk is not always presented in the same way, it depends on the characteristics of the countries involved in the problem. We had a previous knowledge given by the teacher and we alike had in changeion obtained from the news we are constantly reading, only we did not have numerous examples of that because all the cases that could be examples of political risk took place in Latin America all of them were extremely reas sensationd and onsonant with the definition we had of political risk, however we concluded that it could be less excite for our classmates because those cases are actually(prenominal) well-known. That is the main reason we had to search cases that were not sever of the public domain in the Colombian context and we decided to charge on cases from different parts of the world and in that dedicate of ideas we could meet how companies face political risk. This study give table service us to cleanse our knowledge in business and governing. ArgumentsFirst of all is very important to understand the definition of political risk. It is what happens when a company or companies face a series of political changes that could threaten its situation in a country. Any company could be come uponed by political changes, as well as any country could be change by political risk situations derivative of political changes. The ingredients that lead to political risk are revolutions, wars, general resources, political reforms, among others. There are two types of risks that could affect a company, a market or an industry.Macro risk and small risk the foremost is the one that affects all company in all(prenominal) industry, and the second is the one that affects a specific industry and its companies. Another factor that threatens the development of an industry within a country is violence it could be classified in three different kinds terrorism, open-war and kidnapping. The national re quirements are also a reason for political risk this is when a country has a very high and strong protectionism or when the government forces companies to have a determined number of local products.When companies are victims of political risk in that respect are some ways to fight it. If the company has security problems, the declaration would be to contract a security agency and also an damages agency if the problem is because of the local or national requirements, the company should enamour a partner from that region or country and the last one would be to create political pressure to fight the political problems. The head start study case we found is about a Ukrainian company that was affected by political risk in Russia. Ukrainian cast-iron and steel company Azovstal made its de simply in the world(prenominal) deposit markets this week, fortunately selling $175m of bonds in loan participation note format yesterday (Thursday) through joint leads ING and Russias Moscow Nar odny But piece the company wanted to raise up to $200m in five course of instruction funds, Ukraines political volatility and the threat of further disputes with Russia over muck up put paid to those ambitions as investors shied away from buying that typo and space of risk without a concession. (Ukraines Azovstal overcomes politics to sell $175m. (2006). Euroweek, 1-1. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/231056813? accountid=45662) This Company was the trio largest steel producer in Ukraine by the year 2006, it had plans for expansion into the international market beginning with Russia. When Azovstal finally entered into the Russian market it had to face many problems from Moscow and Kiev. Both nations reached one of its bastinado moments in their relations during that time.Viktor Pynzenyk, hence the finance minister resigned as a protest over the closing of Kiev to pay $95 per 1000 cubic meters of gas to Russia when they utilise to pay $50. That decision was made very close to the parliamentary election of that month and it was very bad for the then president of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenco. This crisis, at its worst moment, generated the worst threat from the Russian government to not sell to a greater extent than gas to Ukraine. Here we can see the Macro risk situation that Azovstal went through because the lack of gas supply could totally affect every Ukrainian company.Azovstal, which had already planned to convert its machinery to use coal, decided to foreknow it to prevent itself of shortage after many weeks both governments reached an agreement, even so, Azovstal had to invite many reforms, it had to modify its internationalization plans that were based on the entrance into the Slavic countries because of the frequent diplomatic conflicts that it had with Belarus finally they decided to enter into the Middle einsteinium market.The second study case we found was about a Chinese company when it tried to enter into the Vietnamese market it had to face a worths war, very high tariffs and the lack of help from the government and people. The Lifan Group would curiously welcome new opportunities. Competition in motorcycles has become intense, and profit margins are falling. The group has a big share of the export market to Vietnam, but there too it faces rapidly growing competition and vicious price wars. (Business The communist entrepreneur face value. (2003, Mar 29). The Economist, 366(8317), 74-62. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/224030774? accountid=45662). Lifan Group entered into the Vietnamese market in the late 90s but it had to face very bad conditions because it was a foreign company, besides this, Hanoi implemented very strong protectionist politics to prevent the national industry to be affected by foreign companies this is a Macro risk situation against Vietnamese politics.Another fact that did not help too much was that Lifan was a Chinese company and the relations between Beij ing and Hanoi were not the best. To face this situation Lifan company countered by two fronts in first instance it allied with a Vietnamese company for assembling cars in Vietnam, they do that in a direct way in order to improve their situation and they obtained good results because it reduced the high tariffs and the negative regulate from the ones who dont trust in China.If the cars were assembled in Vietnam it would help more to Hanoi than if they imported them. The second fact that helped Lifan Group to face this situation of political risk was the gain of political influence in the sea captain China when the directives of Lifan reached positions in the Chinese communist party, they ensure the Chinese help in case of any misfortune. Conclusion As future business people we know the importance to keep in touch with the fooling information of the world.Political Risk rates in a country are an essential part of a business, by them we could know if it is workable to invest in a co untry or in a company in a determined country, also if the debut of a company in another country will be successful or not and if the people in that foreign country will accept the company and its products or services based on their politics or government.

Evil Lives are meaningless lives? Essay

punishing though it may seem we often ask this actually introductory interrogative mood  What is the heart and soul of our spirit? This is unrivalled question that has existed for a commodious as humanity has.  It is adept mystery that has fascinated many of the outstanding philosophers.  Although many will bugger off it absurd, pretentious even, that we want to answer this question, Julian Baggini thought differently. This is proven by his treatise in the deem entitled Whats It All About doctrine and the Meaning of sustenance.            Indeed, while many heap will shy away from bursting forward with this question, Mr. Baggini was brave enough to translate to answer it. He attempted to break down several numerals plaguing citizenry some of which are inspection and repairing others, serving humanity, organism skilful, becoming haughty and successfully delivered his views without making his ideas sound so ostentatious and metaphysical.            The essential issue in the book actually deals with the question of whether thither is a fleshy and mysterious gist to intent.  It also asks what the ultimate office of our human race is. Mr. Baggini argues that in that respect really is no single meaning to our existence. He says that every small-minded thing that we do has meaning in itself so it is pointless to intent for one consentaneous package of meaning.  Indeed, the first-two chapters examine if and why the existence of theology should make a difference into determining the meaning of our sprightliness. The remaining chapters then evaluate the claims of some concourse as to what they find signifi evictt in their life.            By planting his feet firmly on the ground and dealing with unique(predicate) issues, I think that Mr. Baggini effectively shows us that the quest fo r the meaning of our existence is right here with us day-to-day.  We dont essential to rifle to far limits to look for it.  We dont need to serve in the UNICEF to r ceaseer ourselves useful to humanity.  Most chief(prenominal)ly, we dont need regulation to render ourselves empowered.  The answer we have always been looking for in our life is in our own hands.  It is how we cope with our everyday existence that will sincerely define the life that we have lived.  The outside forces are just perfect accompaniment, whereas our actions and reactions are the essential factors that will judge us in the end.            Corollary to this, the meaning of our life can non be found in books and idealistic treatise. We dont need to look for its meaning in our neighbors kinsfolk it is right at the tip of our nose. Mr. Baggini shows us that we can nurse satisfaction even as we accept that it is not everything.We can see the value of success without drowning ourselves in it.  We can even shout Carpe Diem to the whole terra firma even as we help others overhaul fruitful lives.  In the end, it is mute love that powerfully motivates us all. Indeed, Mr. Baggini shows us that the search for meaning is very in-person and within our power to find. He supports his stand by draft from actual experiences drawn from real life of real people.            In many ways, those who have read this book will deduce that Mr. Baggini qualifies himself as a modern-day heir of Bertrand Russel. In his own way, he shows us that we can find the meaning of life if we can only be more(prenominal) philosophical and sensible.            In the Chapter 4 of the book subtitled Here to help, Mr. Baggini discusses the proper place of altruism if we are to pursue meaningful lives.  If the meaning of life is to help others, then only those doing the helping can lead meaningful life.  The people being helped are thus mere instruments to the end of giving pur beat out to the altruists. (65)  Of course, Mr. Baggini does not brush off altruism as a ineffectual virtue. It is still needed if we have to co-exist peacefully with others.  However, he emphasizes that altruism should be put in its proper perspective and that people should make horse reason in defending values which go beyond itself. Altruism in itself is a virtue but it should not used to define ones life.  It is just but one part of our existence, not the whole of it.            In Chapter 7 subtitled Becoming a contender, Mr. Baggini writes To raise a happy family, or live your life pursuing your passion, no matter which experience you get, should be seen as a success.(123) This in itself shows the kind of philosophical sense that Mr. Baggini follows in this book.  He does not aim f or huge successes but makes one feel that no matter how small the achievement is, it is still expenditure noting because it has helped one become the kind of person that he is today. It is therefore important for us to do our best in every thing we do because these small things can also enrich our life.  Indeed, it does not matter whether the sincere deeds we have done are great or small.  The more or less important is we did it.  This is what life should be all about.            In Chapter 9 subtitled hurt yourself, Mr. Baggini emphasizes that we dont need a Maya Angelou or a Deepak Chopra to lead us to the real meaning of our life.  He strongly criticizes the promises of religious and ideological beliefs consequently convincing us that we really dont need vast esoteric knowledge or a time-tested guru to find the meaning of our life. Here, Mr. Baggini argues that we just have to look into our self and we will find eve rything that we have always been looking for. Resorting to ideological beliefs may only pose greater danger of losing ones proper perspective, thus, this is highly discouraged.  Apparently, Mr. Baggini believes that distributively person is unique and lessons learned from ones experiences may not be uni mould for everyone.            Mr. Bagginis main purpose for writing this book is actually to show us that philosophy rather than our average late Age psychobabble is a better tool to analyze lifes little mysteries with. This is the reason why he purposely puts forward a largely down-to-earth approach to the issues being raised in the book. In a world where existentialism has morphed into an alienated version of the I and me culture, utilitarianism offers rational discourses where once we had heaven for guarantor.            Like the movie Dead Poets Society, Mr. Baggini encourages us to feign the day. Each day is a chance for us to define the life we lead.  It is therefore essential that we have to live our life to the fullest everyday.  Of course, he admits that de delimitateate our life this way is not an easy task but there is nothing impossible if we only go back to our very selves. In this aspect, Mr. Baggini dislikes paradox and hyperbole and anything too extreme.            Whats It All About Philosophy and the Meaning of Life ends up being a rational and sacrilegious inquiry into the meaning of life. Although it is obviously a prcis of Mr. Bagginis personal views on life, he hopes that this is something many philosophers would mostly agree.Several times in the book he would refer to past experiences as he draws lessons from them. In spite of his bold statements, however, Mr. Baggini takes a cautious approach.  This stance disappoints because at the end of the book, there is little to disagree with. H is supposition that the meaning of life is really rather humdrum only spirits up his attitude to the question.  In this aspect, he shows that life is just a mirror that reflects back the image of whoever seeks its meaning.            To his credit, Mr. Baggini tries to sum up the meaning of life in fewer than 200 pages a big achievement in itself.  However, it is also because of this that his argument suffers greatly being that its supporting discourses have been so squeezed together. This problem is apparent in the chapter on the loss of selfhood, where he points out that New Age ideas are quite nonsense.  He says that anyone who professes to lose his self during meditation is being self-righteous.   Anyone who professes to lose his ego during meditation is being smug and self-righteous.            Mr. Baggini then saves the best for last when he declares that we should f orget about the meaning of life and just get on with it.  The analysis made on life stems from a rationalist and human-centered perspective. As I said earlier, he proceeds to his main dissertation with utmost caution even as he answers each question thrown his way with distinctive directness.  The outcome of this is that the ratifiers are left to form their own conclusion based on the framework that Mr. Baggini has constructed.  Each reader will be able to form his own meaning to life one that will be personal, more meaningful and sociologically moral.            If a reader has majored in philosophy, this book will be viewed as a bit simplistic.  However, for ordinary readers like me, it makes for an easy comparison of the various isms in life. Sure, it does not dole out definitive answers to specific questions. Still, its a good read for someone who is literally searching for a meaning of his existence.For me, Mr. Bagg inis insistence that our life should be led on an everyday basis is congruent to the fact that we should live it in peaceful co-existence with our neighbors.  Doing otherwise (or by being evil) will render our life meaningless.  In a nutshell, Mr. Baggini offers us ideas about life that are balanced, good and practical. The bottom line here is that living itself, for its own sake, is what truly the only thing that gives life meaning.  All the other ascriptions are, at best, plain spices to make the journey bid and enjoyable. ReferencesBaggini, Julian. (2005) Whats It All About Philosophy and the Meaning of Life. Granta Publishers, Inc.Williams, Peter. (2003) Sorting the shuck from the chaff http//www.damaris.org/content/content.php?type=5&id=319

Bulgarian Identity and Folklore

The tapestry of a Bulgarians invigoration is interwoven with the states flush and slanted septlore, songs and dances, varied fetes and humourous pr overbs. The family unit culture which has been continue through and through the centuries is an intrinsic start of a Bulgarians daily activities. The spunk and individualized identity of a Bulgarian is entwined with the folk usances and rules, as it influences and shapes his way of thinking.Also, a storey of suffering under the ottoman rule and approach through it with their identity intact, adds a specific di manpowersion to the lot of Bulgaria, packing power to the motto unity makes strength. The braveness that the peasant lodge displayed in clinging to their ethnic identity, under the Turkish yoke, united them to fight for their freedom. The determination that they displayed in preserving their identity under extremely tyrannous conditions, tells us why the new(a) Bulgarian army never befogged a flag.This es say will first learn what identity marrow to a Bulgarian and then move on to study the historic situations that shaped the Bulgarian identity as it is to solar day. It will explore how Bulgarian identity has survived over the centuries and how the folklore traditions in its entirety, bonds Bulgarians scattered tot solelyy over the serviceman to their m new(prenominal)land. This essay will besidiethylstilbesterol provide a glimpse into the Bulgarian folk culture including festivals, rituals, riserbs mythology and congruity, which work kept the Bulgarian identity and spirit alive round the world even today.Shaping the identity In ordinal century eastern atomic list 63, the emerging nation-states depended on their peasant traditions, which had survived foreign incursion and dominance, to form an definite idea of what they stood for. According to Herder, e truly(prenominal) nation is an decreed entity with its own native heathenish institutions and pure spirit which ar gon outgo reflected in the folk poetry of the peasants. If a nation is to seek policy-making sovereignty, it must find its pure spirit and build its future on the cultural traditions of the past.The native peasants were and then viewed as the soul of the nation, and folklore their legitimate twist. For the people of Bulgaria, their folk culture was alike a weapon, which they used as an inhalant to unite and fight for their freedom. The Haidouk folk songs astir(predicate) the heroes who hid in the mountains and formed a band of guerilla fighters influenced the people of Bulgaria to join the bands and fight against the oppression of the turks, which tells us how powerful folklore is.Today, folk culture in Bulgaria is c arfully preserved and interpreted forward with establishment-sponsorship, through various organizations and festivals. The government understands that folk culture, with its vital practice of medicine and traditions, is what keeps Bulgarians to doher, no matt er where they are. For the Bulgarian community, the traditions will always remain a part of behavior. The beliefs, knowledge, traditions and value system sboulder clay plays a major(ip) part in social and cultural interaction.This explains why ethnic dis run is so often objectified in folk culture events in Bulgaria, and why folk texts of various kinds are so widely used in it. In fact e trulyday life is dominated by the folklore traditions because they are regarded as a system of values, norms, texts, patterns and technologies. According to William R Bascom, ethnomusicologist, folklore serves to sanction and validate religious, social, policy-making and economic institutions and plays an important role as an educative device in its transmission from one generation to an new(prenominal).He therefore suggests that folklore must be examined in better detail and care, because it gives us a clearer picture of the facts that shapes the destiny of a culture. Through the oral tradition s of folklore, hundreds of songs, legends, rituals and tales are handed down to the present. Traditions that go sustain to Slavonic antiquity are chill out alive today, for example, the ritual sacramental manduction of sweetened wheat to commemorate the death of a loved one, forty days after his decease.Another tradition, this one peculiar to the Bulgarians, is the exchange of martenici. According to which, the stratum begins on March first (mart is Bulgarian for March). As part of the tradition, a red string, is attached to childrens wrists as well as animals necks and white tie and tails to combat evil. This is one of the most common custom among Bulgarians world-wide. On this day a string is offered to each member of the family and to all of ones friends, in order to bring them health and happiness throughout the year.Another unequaled aspect of Bulgaria which differentiates it from the rest of the world is its fussy voice. It is say that there is postal code in this w orld to match the Bulgarian voice, which is why a Bulgarian folk song effected by Valya Balkanska was recorded on a favorable CD and sent aboard the Voyager to be the earths embassador in alien worlds. Bulgarian folksongs too are singular in nature.There might be a folk song for either precedent from field work to harvest, from birth to a funeral, for any stage of life that you undersurface think of, exactly they are not repetitive and Bulgarian music remains exceptional. The folk songs and the dances afford a full backdrop for the understanding of the spirit, that kept alive, the spark of national feeling for over quint hundred years under foreign occupation.The unconscious pictures that people pee-pee of themselves are more authentic and more accurate than any other source that we can unafraid and the Bulgarian peasant through the mediocre of folklore has painted a picture of what he fancys important. Folklore tradition aside, in Bulgaria the ordained historic pil lars of identity are three, chosen by the government, for their various positive and shining qualities. First of all the Protobulgarians warriors, who defeated the superpower Byzantium and established a state on its land in the 7th century.Secondly the Slavs industrious, egalitarian, freedom-loving people, useful in times of pro-Russian orientation and finally the Thracian ancestors ancient, wise, peaceful. It was the Thracians who contributed the Kukeri traditions and the ever- universal day of Baba Marta. The Slavs are said to film constructd the traditional circular Bulgarian folk dances and the lucky subprogram three. Without knowing it, these centuries-old graciousizations worked together to create a modern culture for their descendants.Today, Bulgarians consider both the Slavs and the Thracians to be their ancestors. However, history proves that the more primitive Thracians were here first. If we appear into the symbols that can be associated with the Bulgarian ident ity, the Balkan mountains and the Balkan lion stand out, both for unmistakable reasons. The Balkans appear as symbols of shelter in many folk songs for the haidouks, the venerated resistance-fighters, who in turn were the symbol of Bulgarias urge for national liberty.The Balkan lion as the synopsis of Bulgarias victorious spirit too appeared in the first national hymn of the country, composed by Nikola Zhivkov . Despite decades of oppression or maybe because of it, the Bulgarians have an identity that is rich and vital. The concept of this identity stands on the stable behind of a folk culture which incorporates strength, humor, wisdom, music as well as a unique and varied mythology.But, there is another school of feeling which begs to differ in the matter of Balkan stability and provides a different portend of view. Always traumatic and unstable, Balkan reality invites discourses of domination. Within this asymmetrical system of antagonisms and co-operation, stereo geeks of B alkan piece emerge as identities. It is said that the Balkan identity has been a potent channeling dig in the cultural exorcism of civilized Europe.The challenge for Balkan scholars, though they require a modern non-ethnic identity, is to resist the lure of globalization. But, since the Balkan countries lack what it as indisputable(a)s, the regions best resistance to globalization is to foster an alliance of cultural critics crosswise ethnic and sea captain lines. A window to the Bulgarian history news report tells us that the Bulgarians are Asiatic in origin. Kinsmen of the Huns and Avars whose earlier raids had greatly up denounce(a) the peace-loving Slavs.The Bulgarians were the first Asiatic people who established a aeonian home in Balkania. They effected the conquest of the Slavs, but in the course of about two centuries were absorbed by the more numerous race, and by and large lost their identity. Intermarriage and mixture of blood modified the physical type of the Bu lgars. They lost their lyric and were converted to the same type of Greek Jewish-Orthodox Christianity as the Slavs. They adopted the same Cyrillic alphabet and became thoroughly Slavicized.Nothing but the depict Bulgarian remains to associate them with their Asiatic forebears. In the ten percent century, Bulgaria came under the direct control of Byzantium, but recovered its independence in 1197 after a persistent struggle. The Bulgarian ruler at the time, Kalojan, set the seal on this victory in 1204 by having himself crowned the top executive of Bulgaria by a papal envoy. The second Bulgarian state thus inaugurated lasted until the Ottoman conquest, which took place in 1393. After that, the country ceasedto exist as a separate entity until the nineteenth century. Whatever Bulgarian culture survived through this period did so behind the protective walls of monasteries. Turkish rule lasted vanadium centuries and is viewed by Bulgarian scholars as the darkest period in the hi story of the Bulgarian people. The Bulgarians were the last of the Balkan peninsula to attain their liberation. Perhaps because of the proximity to Constantinople, the hand of the Turk was felt more heavily in Bulgaria than elsewhere.The only thing that continued was the village system in which the peasants were allowed to handle their own affairs. Oppressive, too, was the domination of the Phanariote clergy. This was even worse than the civil oppression of the Turks, because the clergy pursued a systematic policy of obliterating all evidences of Bulgarian culture and literary works. In 1825, Illarion, the Greek Metropolitan of Tirnovo, make a balefire of the old library of the Bulgarian Patriarchate, which till then had survived all the vicissitudes of the Turkish era.So thoroughly was this accomplished that the Bulgarians had actually passed out of the consciousness of Europe till the beginning of the nineteenth century. Bulgarian schools were closed, manuscripts were destroyed, and with the extinction of the Bulgarian archbishopric of Ochrida, the last fixedness of the old national Church, to which the Bulgarians had clung tenaciously, disappeared. It seemed that nothing could save the Bulgarians from complete Hellenization.Early in the nineteenth century, however, signs of a literary and cultural renaissance, the invariable prelude to a resurgence of nationalism, began to appear in Bulgaria. From the study of their past, the Bulgarians discovered their true identity and then went on to fight for it. Bulgarias chequered history, the rates where it differs from the rest of the Europe and the fact that it serves to protect Europe from the imminent Islamic invasion also shapes its identity.Bulgarian historians, who also serve as national ideologists, always point out that it shields and protects Europe a role that Europe is expected to understand and appreciate. Also the point here is to prove that Bulgaria was a cradle of European culture and that its h istory is intrinsically yokeed with Europes growing. Interestingly enough, at the same time historians take pride in matters that actually separate Bulgaria from the West European cultural tradition the fact that it adopted the Cyrillic alphabet, and did not accept papistical Catholicism.The history of the country, which was conquered by the Turks in 1396, but managed to preserve its specific Slavic cultural and national identity throughout the five centuries, until 1878, when its European identity re-emerged, is directioned repeatedly. Folk culture In the field of culture, a long hard battle had to be waged against the Greeks, who by reason of their domination of the Church, gained a stranglehold on Bulgarian culture and even on the Bulgarian voice communication.There was thus very little cultural advance until the end of ordinal century, and it is small wonder that until recently Bulgaria was regarded as a very indisposed country. After the collapse of the Bulgarian Empire and its subsequent absorption into the Ottoman lands, the cultural level of Bulgaria reached an impasse. But soon a striking development of folk songs was noticed throughout the region. In the western part of the country these were largely epic, connected with the Serb epic bouts.These songs have a greater fellowship with the historical events that they purport to recount. The songs of the western region were less poetic, sober and rea keep downic. In the east, however lyrical songs predominated. It was in such a condition, where traces of the popular language were slowly making their way into the written forms of Church Slavonic, that modern literature came into being and inspired national resurgence. Bulgarian folklore, mythology and festivals Bulgarian folklore exhibits a certain duality in nature.On the one hand, folklore is displayed as a spiritual expression of an agrarian type of society, where the central point is to recreate the annual tillage cycle and the human life c ycle in a tradition, found on folklore ritualism. On the other hand, it is permeated by the historical time of the Bulgarians. The description of this time has found its most imposing expression in the Bulgarian heroic epic, similar to the epical sagas of other cultures.Furthermore, mythology too pops out from every nook and cranny in Bulgaria, in seemingly unlikeliest of places. Bulgarian mythology, with its in vampires and goblins, samodivi and dragons, endless tales with raging plots, for example in A Lad Outruns the Sun, A Maiden Outshines the Sun makes the Bulgarian culture such a rich and interesting one. It is amazing the way in which the Bulgarian folklore, mythology and festivals along with dance, music and assorted rituals keep up together in a holistic manner.They connect the spiritual growth of the Bulgarians with the cultural traditions of the other Balkan nations, irrespective of their religious appointment and independent ethnic history. It could be said that w hen all these three elements make it together, it reveals, a profound relationship with the Bulgarian daily experience and historical destiny. Somewhere the smaller events of life fall together in harmony to make the large-mouthed picture.Among rituals and ceremonies, marriage and the continuity of the community is arguably the most important theme in the Bulgarian calendar, along with farm-related rituals. All festivals stress on these two points one way or the other. The most popular marriage-related ritual is the contrasting mid-winter and spring- time ceremonies for males and females respectively. For example, un espouse young lads, on 24 December, after midnight, visit each and every planetary house, forming bands called koledari or survakari and sing songs with an mixed mythical content.Similarly in the springtime, the maidens form ritual groups of girls, known as lazarki , dress a specific repertory full of tragic themes. In this background, the Bulgarian masquerade rit ualism is very rich. The lazarki and koledari rituals are female and male life cycle initiations respectively. They prepare the males and females for the stage of matrimony. To elaborate on the theme, let us list a few festivals and rituals that allows us a glimpse into the two big wheels of folk life life and farm cycle.The festivals in Bulgaria are multitudinous and definitely merit a section of their own. According to ethnographers, the overall number of Bulgarian festive Lords Suppers exceeds 11,000 a plentitude of customs accompanying Bulgarian peoples lives from the cradle to the grave. Here are a few popular festivals far-famed in Bulgaria. The Martenitsa Tradition Baba Marta, Grandma Marta This is by far the most popular festival of Bulgarians and is historied world-wide by Bulgarians. This is a unique Bulgarian custom which originates from the ancient Thracians.The earliest martenitsas were made of white and red woolen wander to which a silver or gold coin was occasi onally tied. separate rituals discovered on March 1 include women dressing all over in red and in North-eastern Bulgaria, the lady of the house would throw off a red cloth over a fruit maneuver or spread red wool onto a field to secure fertility. In stock-breeding areas, a white-and-red thread was commonly tied to the livestock. The tradition is still alive and widely respected.Every year on March 1, Bulgarians all over the world present each other with martenitsas, thus introducing and spreading this very Bulgarian custom, to a broader canvas of people. New year celebrations The most colorful set of winter calendar customs is that of New Years celebration. From time immemorial, the fireplace and the table spread have been symbols of generosity and abundance. The richer the spread, the more fruitful the access year is expected to be. It is a custom observed nation-wide.The koledari would go from house to house singing carols and wishing health and prosperity to the family. The koledaris dress and fit out ornaments differ from region to region. This custom is characterized by extremely colorful rituality involving songs, blessings, and dances. The koledari perform on Christmas Eve as well. Having to do with the Julian and the Gregorian calendar, the customs have preserved their original vitality and are related to the farsightedness of fertility. Ladouvane or Singing to RingsThis is another New Years custom, expressing an young girls eagerness to get married and have a go at it a happy family life. Ladouvane or koumichene is a maidens rite performed on the day before New Year only in the areas of Western Bulgaria, Central Balkan Range and in round regions along the Danube River. In the rest of the country, it is celebrated on Midsummers daytime. Koukeri the mummers tradition Koukerovden mark the beginning of the spring calendar. Everybody makes his own mask competing to show greater personal skill and craftsmanship.Therefore, no two ritual masks ar e alike and the men take great pride in displaying their masks. Young men in masks, visit houses and distribute gifts as part of the tradition. Todorovden St Theodores Day St Theodores Day is celebrated six days after Shrovetide. It is also known as Horses Easter because of the horse races commonly held on that day. According to folk tradition, newly married women would make a ritual Theodores round loaf of bread alter with a dough-modelled image of a horses head.The ancient roots of this folk festival lie in Thracian mythology. The horse is a sun symbol, fleck the horseman is known in the Bulgarian lands through the cult of the Thracian Horseman. Trypon Zarezan Vinegrowers Day Trypon Zarezan is celebrated during the first half of February. It is an old occupation-related custom. On this day, observed throughout the country, the vines are pruned and sprinkled with wine. In some areas, a Vine King is chosen and he is crowned with a wreath of wine twigs.Blagovets Annunciation Day The festival of Blagovets, celebrated on March 25, symbolizes the beginning of spring swallows reversive from the southern lands. Popular Christian mythology associates the day with the story of Virgin bloody shame sitting in the garden and sewing, then leaning and smelling a sprig of basil and thus getting pregnant. Being an ancient festival, Blagovets is crocked with old-time rites shrouded in popular Christianity. Easter Easter is the most adore festival in the Church calendar of Orthodox Christians.Making Easter cakes was introduced in Bulgaria as late as the 1920s, but nowadays it has a very important place in the Bulgarian peoples customs. Typical of the festival is the demise of eggs, a custom much enjoyed by all. St Georges Day St Georges Day is among the most important folk festivals. It is observed on whitethorn 6 and marks the beginning of trading activity and stock-breeding for the year. Its expressive rituality has been preserved to date.On the night before St Geo rges Day, young boys would pick blossoming willow twigs to floor the house, the pens, and the livestock for health. During the night, the sheep were turned out to feed because that nights dew on the grass is believed to have a curative powers. Bulgaria could easily be called the land of festivals, with almost every other day in the calendar being a festival of sorts. But it is the very same festivals, in all their abundance and glory, which prove to be at the core of the Bulgarian identity.Festivals are as a rule, a time when people socialize and bond, thus the plentiful festivals may explain the strong ties that Bulgarians world-wide share with their motherland. Story telling in Bulgarian culture Humor mixed with huge dollops of wit and a delicately appreciation for life is what endears the native Bulgarian story-telling to the world. Bulgarias Nasreddin Hodja is a name everybody recognizes. This witty character is always getting the better of his rival eccentric character Hitar Petar.In fact Hodja can be termed the classic Bulgarian who endures mishap with loads of humor, wit and resourcefulness. As regards story-telling, the Bulgarian folk tale is characterized by its interest in the magical, its commitment with various everyday life events, confronting the rich and the poor, the clever and the fool, as well as by its abundance of naive and natural humor. The Bulgarian has a feeling for the legendary, most often associated with an old-testament imagery, and a live sense of historical narrative.Storytelling in Bulgaria is specially enticing because the folklore retentivity travels into the realm of magical creatures, buried treasures, heroes who save the world, vampires, angels and healing spellsall fantastic and captivating. It also reminds us of the remote roots of the Bulgarian folk culture. avocation two rabbits and you catch none Classic proverbs like this one are as much a part of the everyday experience of the Bulgarian peasant as are his folk verse, song and tale.The proverb plays a more important role in the life of the Bulgarian than it does in the peasant civilizations of other European countries. As witnessed in many other cultures of the world, the proverb is a focal point in conversation, argument or rhetoric. It is widely used to express compactly an idea or to create a mental image. It is a true mirror on the sexual life of the people, of the conditions which prevail in their lives, of their morals and of their manners.Many Bulgarian proverbs are inexpertly expressed, internal evidence that they stem from the folk and are thus authentic. The proverbs also help in understanding the psyche of the man who uses a particular proverb. Here is a good one An idle man makes a good prophet. Bulgarian music, folk songs and bailiwick A Bulgarian can never be separated from his music. A character shared by the rest of the world you could say, but it is not all who share the fair appreciation for music that Bulgarians ins tinctively have.For a Bulgarian, life is a musical, with all its accompaniment. For him there is no plateau in life joy, sorrow, loneliness or death that exists without music and suitable lyrics. Internationally, the Bulgarian music fascinates both the superior general public and the experts. At the turn of the century, the Bulgarian folklore tradition was given some new impulses, mainly in Macedonia and Thrace. Influenced by the revolutionary reality, a colossal number of songs were created.The musical expression of this cultural system has its regional and general characteristics for example, the Rhodope song, Thracian song, Shopp song, Macedonian song, among others. But the specific Bulgarian two-voice songs, and the phenomenon of irregular defeat are unique. Regional variations are not strictly delineated, but certain typical characteristics have formed several musical dialects North-Bulgarian, Dobroudjanian, Thracian, Shopp, the Pirin Mountains area, the Sredna Gora region, and Rhodopian.The distinguishing features of the Bulgarian folk song can be traced along three lines homophonic, rhythm and literal wealth. Today the Bulgarian folk tradition is revived in the context of the specific new phenomena in music, where various styles and forms of genre meet as is witnessed in all parts of the world, in almost all cultures. In Bulgaria at the same time, there is a growing presence of performers coming from different ethnic groups, chiefly Gypsies, whose musical art has been exerting its influence on the Bulgarian folklore for a good while.What makes the Bulgarian folk song special is its rhythm and vocal wealth. They are of a caliber described by the experts as ranging from fantastic richness to primitive monotony. The extended time intact in the folksongs are its distinguishing feature, as it is non-existent in the rest of the European music. business firm too is part of the Bulgarian love for expression. Once Bulgaria was free, its natural aptitude and love for music, drama, song and dance came to the fore.It is a fact that the musical theater in its informal form has always played a major role in Bulgarian culture. But after independence, classical operettas, revues, vaudeville, childrens plays, and modern musical comedies flourished under the indulgent eyes of the Bulgarians. In a thrifty move to bring professionals together to explore this genre, the government established the body politic Musical Theater in 1948. The Bulgarian involvement with operetta, goes back to about seventy-five years.The State Musical Theater is the heir to a tradition that reached its high point during the 1930s. At that same time, private ensembles such as the Free Theater of the Renaissance, the Cooperative Theater, and the Odeon performed numerous works for enthusiastic audiences. An staggering standard was established which is appreciated all over the world today. The Bulgarian talent in the area of music, voice and opera is legendary, with people flocking to enjoy what the masters have in store for them.Bulgarians Abroad While there were no Bulgarian political institutions during the Ottoman era, the Bulgarian culture and language were well preserved as a result of Ottoman policy, which made no real attempt at cultural, religious, or linguistic assimilation. Gradually, both the formation of crafts guilds called esnafs, whose members underwrote the promotion of Bulgarian culture, and through the medium of education, Bulgarian cultural and ethnic consciousness spread.By the 1870s, there were thousands of Bulgarians living outside of their homeland in such places as Vienna, Bucharest, Odessa, Bessarabia and Constantinople and were to be a major influence on the Bulgarian Revival. The interest toward Bulgarian folk songs and dance has been sustained in the past two decades by a number of highly professional and amateur groups American, Japanese, Dutch, Danish, among others and has culminated in the success of the Swiss r ecording of Le mystere des voix bulgares, followed by a worldwide tour of the Bulgarian vocal ensemble.The liking for Bulgarian folklore in the West is a basically urban phenomenon. For the foreigners, the representations of Bulgarian folklore music the sound icon of Bulgarians is a fascinating one. During the 1970s, interest in Bulgarian female polyphony exploded in the wake of the American folk revival and the womens liberation movement.Groups began springing up all over, at colleges and community centers, often incorporating dance as well as singing. Although in the proterozoic years, instructors were mostly Americans, in the past decade, since the fall of the Bulgarian communist government in 1989, more and more Bulgarian instructors have been able to come to the United States to teach vocal and instrumental skills. Bulgarian folk songs and performers are liked and praised ar

Othello/Macbeth Tragic Heroes

A sad adept, determined by Aristotle, must show a aristocracy and virtue of a certain magnitude however, their path to happiness should be ceased by their destructive vice (Harmartia- the flaw that sluicetu wholey leads to their dusk). peripety, the point where the voices fortune changes, must evoke a state of ignominy and fear amongst the auditory modality, and give above all, a did lay outic message.The outcome of this indication should result in a complex alone if sole fo manpowertation of both the heros Catharsis (a cleansing of emotion which is depict by Aristotle as an effect of tragical drama on its listening) and Anagnoris when they ca apply their moment of realisation. It can be argued that Shakespe are fully abided by these rules in cast to make a distinction between his causes prosperity and misadventure.Fintan OToole (post recentist critic) argues that Othello is non tragic, merely pathetic. However, Othello allow for be identified as a far slap-upe r tragic hero than Macbeth, illustrating how Shakespeare fully intended on creating a tragically heroic character such as Othello. As the merriment progresses, Othellos monumental Harmartia is gradually revealed his sense of inherent green-eyed monster is implemented by Iago, the Machiavellian villain, and his gullibility makes him susceptible to it.Once he becomes convince that his wife Desdemona is unfaithful, his jealousy does indeed feed itself just as Iago ironically warns, the green eyed monster, which doth mock the meat it feeds on (Iago- Act 3 pic 1), leading to the heros monstrous demeanour. The apparent alliteration, end and damnation (Act 3 Scene 3) and waked wrath (Act 3 Scene 3), reveals the great influence that Iago has upon Othello as his linguistic suaveness and his mental state quick collapse, resulting in both his use of evil tomography in speech communication and in action, the murder of Desdemona.The hubris, argued by Helen Gardner (in 20th century) is heroic because Othello acts from inner indispensability, appearing to show Othellos desire to remake the world into a better place, an act that is heroic in its absoluteness. This admission of estim fit duty perhaps may have encouraged a present-day(a) earshot to pity Othello as his act, although terrible in itself, is nevertheless wonderful in its own manner of righteousness. Othello therefore appears to be more h onenessst since his wrong doing was out of complete and non of hatred, something for which Gardener seems to forgive Othello.A coetaneous audience would argue that gender withal plays an important role in Othello as men were regarded as laboriouser and wiser, making it more forgivable of Othello. However, a 21st century audience would view women as equally as important as men, showing that Desdemonas murder was underserved and unforgivable of Othello. Dr Johnson (1765) declare that Othello was a really useful moral, as the hero shows how one can be stifled by naivete the repetition of trusty Iago, the external forces of evil, combine to cause Othellos tragic manifestation and thus, his downfall.Macbeths Hamartia is his lust for power that eventually and unsurprisingly leads into his downfall. Arthur Kirsch (1984) bring outs Macbeths emptiness of his desires and the insatiability of his aspirations. Macbeth becomes wild with the witches prophecy as he soon discovers how real it is, allowing him to be more or less fixated on the idea of murdering the King and soon later, Banquo. Macbeth does murder sleep- the use of third person indicates the exponential deterioration of his mental state after cleanuping an innocent King, as a result of his unquenchable longing for power essentially in itself more than one of the seven vices.Both Iago and Macbeth in this case, are the embodiment of the vices, both jealousy and greed, as opposed to Othello, who is plainly influenced by the vice itself. J. A Bryant (1961) argues that, Macbeth is a wholly negative character who possesses the capacity for good but chooses to commit evil instead, illustrating that his posterior motive wasnt for the good or righteous, as opposed to Othello, but for the selfish rise to power, evidently making him less of a tragic hero he merely chooses evil because it works to his own profit or else than making the world into a better place.Both a Shakespearian and a current audience would believe that Macbeth, deal the Devil, has willed himself into a expansive position whereby he is captive of nothing except the providence he chose to ignore. In concomitant, a further aspect of his Hamartia is arguably his hypothetical lack of masculinity that he is constantly belittled and ridiculed for by brothel keeper Macbeth. The use of a rhetorical question in Are you a man? indicates her ability to manipulate him into believing that he is not strong decorous to murder.This as well as, plays an important but yet, not as dominant, role in Macbe ths downfall. The second element combined to create a tragic hero is Peripeteia where the downfall from a virtuous status to a catastrophic one is evident. Regardless of however many times Othello is referred to as the Moor by Iago, a derogatory term used to highlight his race, a Shakespearean audience will still be amaze by his aristocratic virtue as he possesses the verbal eloquence to assert to the signiors in the rule of three adjectives as potent, grave and sublime.In Act 3 Scene 3 however, Othello makes more references to the devil a reflection of Iagos evil nature being imparted upon him, as goats and monkeys are images that connote the devil. His eloquence of poetry in Act 1 is in stark contrast to his rather barbaric and politically incorrect behaviour in Act 3, particularly to a 21st century audience as his act of striking her (Desdemona) across the face is an incredulous act that is totally unacceptable to feminists now but may have been deemed as common or even deserv ed to a modern-day audience of the 16th century.His affection dramatically changes towards Desdemona and it can be argued that Othello allows manipulation and jealousy to lead to his self-destruction- Tasha Kelley (2010) Othello simply cannot help the jealousy that he touch sensations at heart him, no matter how oftentimes of an influence Iago is upon him. At this point, Othello is entirely positive(p) and absolute in the killing of his wife the use of hyperbolic phraseology in Ill tear her all to pieces emphasises his classical mercilessness since all of Desdemona will be killed.Unlike Othello, Macbeth changes rather early on in the play, and the only real evidence that the audience sees of his nobility is what others say about him. In Act 1 Scene 2 Duncan behavees, O valiant cousin, valued gentleman the use of positive adjectives to describe Macbeth would give both a Shakespearean and modern audience a good impression of Macbeth even before he is revealed in the play.On t he other hand, current and contemporary audiences would also notice that the other characters in Macbeth are the ones who prove Macbeths honorary class, and not he for himself. After one consecutive scene, Macbeths Peripeteia is extremely abrupt that it can be portrayed as or so non-existent. If Chance will have me King, Why Chance may heyday me, Without my stir- immediately one gains the impression of his violent underlying shadowiness that is implied by the use of the word stir, revealing to a contemporary audience that his destructive intentions are intrinsic.According to Aristotle, there must be a clear distinction between the characters prosperity and misfortune Macbeth, as a tragic hero, does not condition himself to these rules religiously enough and it therefore, can be argued that his downfall is far too early on in the play for an audience to fully grasp his nobility. Whereas, Othellos illustriousness is explored thoroughly for two whole Acts, allowing an audience of any time period, to pull in that his dread qualities are innate.A contemporary audience, for example, would understand the reason for Othellos downfall much better than they would with that of Macbeths as the play enables him to develop as a character and thus, show his true intentions, which are in this case, to love and protect Desdemona. Alas, an alternative interpretation of Macbeth of a Shakespearean audience would be that he is an incessantly complacent man who, by all means, allows lordliness to corrupt his mind even in the first scene of the play.The or so famous of quotes where Macbeth visualises a dagger, represents his wavering resolve and lust for power that easily descends into his madness. Is this a dagger, which I see before meAct 1 Scene 7, the use of a rhetorical question illustrates Macbeths hallucination of perceive an object that is clearly not there, which in comparison is a major downfall for someone who was deemed to be valiant at the start of the play. Susan Snyder (1994) states that the play provides no answers to the questions it raises about the relative culpability of the witches equivocal predictions and Macbeths potential to commit murder. Evidently, there is no real justification or distinction in Macbeths downfall other than his sick overambitious need for power. The third criterion that qualifies a tragic hero is Anagnorisis, where the lifter acknowledges his/her own flaw that has led them to their downfall.After all the accusations and trauma that Desdemona has been through, her last and some angelic words being, Commend me to my kind lord- O, farewell This suggests that she is a saint for forgiving all that Othello has done to her and shows just how much she loved Othello a contemporary audience would at last feel pity for her as she is not the one to blame. However, a different view of Desdemona and what she represents has emerged over recent historic period amongst modern audiences feminist and new historic cr itics haveexamined her character in coincidence to the society she moves in. Marilyn French (1982), explores the masculine and misogynistic value system within Othello, and patronage Desdemonas assertiveness in choosing her own husband, French emphasises that Desdemona must be obedient to males and is self-denying in the extreme thus when she dies she is a separate of female passivity. Once killing Desdemona, Othello begins to express his sincere remorse for his computer error through the repetition of alliteration.The use of alliteration in Cursed, cursed and dusty, cold, Act 5 Scene 2, reveals how ashamed he is with himself for committing such a crime as he is emphasising it through the repetition of consonance respectable c, and above all, goes closer to prove his tragic hero status. finished his two speeches, Othello is able to elaborate on the fact that he is imprisoned with guilt the rhyming couplet of I kissed thee ere I killed thee no focal point by this, Killing mys elf, to die upon a kiss. epitomises his Anagnoris as he realises his sheer love for Desdemona with what remains within him, a flare of eloquence.In stark contrast, there is no real evidence of Macbeths Anagnoris, and in fact, he behaves rather arrogantly about the witches predictions because he believes that no real harm will happen to him. In Act 5 Scene 3, Macbeth expresses a very short speech in which no lamenting or wo is apparent I have lived long enough my way of tone Is falln into the sear is but a mere recognition of his circumstances rather than realisation of his tragic flaw. A Shakespearean audience would notice that perhaps Macbeth has not fully repented for his mistake and is therefore, in harm of Aristotle, not a true, classified tragic hero.Macbeth is determined to continue struggle for his life whereas traditionally a tragic hero, such as Othello, should ultimately understand their downfall in exchange for their life. In Act 5 Scene 5, Macbeth does in fact have the verbal eloquence to express himself even in a state of supposed despair. The use of personification in Lifes but a walking shadow reinforces the state of his ignorance to register his own wrong doing and therefore, both a modern and contemporary audience can advocate that they do not feel the same sympathy as they do for Othello.Finally, the last criterion of a tragic hero is Catharsis the point at which the tragic hero cleanses his heart and the audiences too. Othello, despite all that he has been through, returns to the render and passionate man, and for that, an audience can feel as though the preliminary trauma of Desdemonas death combined with his own wicked imagery is obliterated and washed from them. And very sea-mark of my utmost sail is an example of how Othello is able to speak in iambic pentameter even in such a horrific mental state, reinforcing an audiences perception of how truly noble and titled he is.Most honourably, he is not afraid of killing himself in the name of love he simply kisses Desdemona, and dies, making him appear as more of a tragic hero than Macbeth, who fights to live on. He leaves the audience feeling bereaved and pitiful because, despite his jealousy, he loved Desdemona too well, a crime that was surely too harshly punished. Although, Macbeths death is rather less tragic and more heroic in the sense that he refused to kill himself by falling on my firebrand an audience would regard him as more honourable towards himself.Before Malcolm kills him, he part recognises his wrong doing in the little speech that he gives Of all men else I have avoided thee But get thee back, my soul is too much chargd With blood of thine already. Irrespective of the fact that Macbeth didnt kill himself as he should have done, the imagery of blood reveals the extent of which Macbeth fights like a true soldier till the end. Unfortunately, as a modern audience, we cannot feel the same sympathy as we do for Othello as he neither recognises his flaw nor kills himself because of it an crying required for a true tragic hero.Macbeth is a rapid play that does not allow the main protagonist to develop as a character and for that reasoning Macbeth lacks many of the imperative qualities needed within a tragic hero such as Peripeteia and Anagnorisis. Without a single doubt, Othello is one of Shakespeares greatest tragic heroes as fought for by Helen Gardner and Dr Johnson, regardless of Fintan OTooles perception of Othello being merely pathetic. We can advocate otherwise that in fact Othello fulfils all four criterias of Aristotles definition of a tragic hero.

Europeans in Jamaica Essay

When did they come? Jamaica was first colonized by a native meeting of South American origin who, in the primal narration of Jamaica, cal direct their home a paradise of wood and water. The Arawak were there to agnize Christopher capital of Ohio when he arrived in Jamaica in 1494, beginning a languish terminus of atomic number 63an colonization there. The history of Jamaica as a European outpost saw the island below Spanish rule for 150 eld, during which the urban center now known as Spanish Town was established and flourished as the colonys economic hub.In the 1650s, Jamaica was captured by the British. Despite bit Jamaica into a profitable colony, continued harassment by a throng of ex- strivers brought over by dint ofout the Spanish period and set ease during their call in and their descendants dogged the British until they relented and granted emancipation to all stay orchard laborers in 1838. The Maroons, as this small army was known, are assuage revered today as some of the most brave and direful figures in the history of Jamaica. Why did they come?On May 10, 1655, an face expedition, commanded by Admiral William Penn and General Robert Venables, landed at the present-day coastal town of Passage Fort, in the southeastern parish of Saint Catherine. This expedition, which had failed to capture Hispaniola, proceeded to take on the island of Jamaica for England. At the time of the English conquest, the Spaniards were unable to effectively resist the assault because only about 500 of them were armed with weapons. The English ordered the Spanish colonists to deliver all of their strivers and goods and leave the island. most followed these orders, but a group led by Don Cristabal Arnaldo de Isasi remained and put up guerrilla opponent to the English. Isasi freed the strivers, many of whom hit the hayed with the Spanish rebels into the hills. From there, the Spanish and the freed shamefuls who had joined them frequently raided and waged guerrilla warfare on English closings. Isasi, finally overwhelmed by English forces, fled to Cuba for reinforcement. Some of the wispys who had fought with Isasi, recognizing that the Spanish case was lost, defected to the English.A black regiment fighting for the English, led by the former slave Juan de Bolas, proved a decisive factor in the final defeat of the Spanish, marked by Isasis retreat in 1660. How did they colonize? Jamaicas English- appointive governor Edward DOyley compensated the black regiment by officially recognizing their freedom and granting them landholdings. Other formerly Spanish-owned slaves remained self-governing of the colonial administration, living in their own communities as maroons. Spain officially ceded the island to England under the Treaty of Madrid in 1670.The English established a lesson organisation of government, giving white settlers the power to make their own laws by means of an elected House of Assembly, which acted as a legislative body. The Legislative Council, whose members were appointed by the governor, served an advisory function and took disrupt in legislative debates. This system lasted until it was replaced in 1866 by the crown colony system of government, which stripped the island elite of most of its political power. What changes did they make?The English encouraged permanent settlement through generous land grants. In 1664 Sir Thomas Modyford, a loot plantation and slave owner in Barbados (a Caribbean island of the Lesser Antilles chain), was appointed governor of Jamaica. He brought 1,000 English settlers and black slaves with him from Barbados. Modyford immediately encouraged plantation agriculture, specially the cultivation of cacao and sugarcane. By the early 1700s sugar estates worked by black slaves were established throughout the island, and sugar and its by-products dominate the economy.Other economic activities, including descent rearing and the cultivation of coffee and pimento (alls pice), developed as well. With the nerve of the plantation system, the slave clientele grew. Slaves of both genders and every age were institute in all facets of the islands economy, in both rural and urban areas. They were laborers on plantations, domestic servants, and skilled artisans (tradesmen, technicians, and itinerant traders). The wealth created in Jamaica by the labor of black slaves has been estimated at ? 18,000,000, more than half of he estimated meat of ? 30,000,000 for the entire British West Indies. It has been postulated that the profit generated by the triangular trade (involving sugar and tropical advance from the British Caribbean colonies, the trade in make goods for slaves in Africa, and the trade of slaves in the British Caribbean) financed the Industrial Revolution in Britain. More than 1 million slaves are estimated to have been transported directly from Africa to Jamaica during the period of slavery of these, 200,000 were reexported to other places in the Americas.During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Akan, Ga, and Adangbe from the northwestern coastal region known as the Gold Coast (around modern Ghana) dominated the slave trade to the island. Not until 1776 did slaves import from other parts of Africa-Igbos from the fasten of Biafra (southern modern Nigeria) and Kongos from Central Africa-outnumber slaves from the Gold Coast. But slaves from these regions represented 46 part of the total number of slaves. The demand for slaves required about 10,000 to be imported annually.Thus slaves born in Africa far outnumbered those who were born in Jamaica on average they constituted more than 80 percent of the slave people until Britain abolished the slave trade in 1807. When Britain abolished the institution of slavery in 1834, Jamaica had a creation of more than 311,000 slaves and only about 16,700 whites. By the mid-1700s plantation owners were distributing small plots of peripheral land to their slaves, both men and women, as a way to delete the cost of providing food. However, the slaves were expected to tend their own crops only during their limited free time.Although slaves were not allotted much time to work the plots, they were able to produce enough not only for their own subsistence but also for sale. A vibrant marketing ne twainrk developed among the slaves throughout the island, creating what is referred to as a proto-peasantry. In the British mind, slaves were no more than property and merchandise to be bought and sold. On this premise, the British enacted a whole system of slave laws aimed in the main at policing slaves. In general, the premise that slaves were no more than property allowed slave owners to treat them brutally.The severity of this brutality varied. Slaves on large sugar estates mainly suffered the harshest punishments, while those on smaller estates and in towns received somewhat better treatment. Colonialism The history of Jamaica is crucial to understanding the countrys c urrent situation. galore(postnominal) of the problems today are results of neocolonial forces. The roots of such concerns can be launch within the countrys long legacy of colonialism extending 300 years in length before reaching independence. Jamaica was the meeting place of two expropriate populations the Britisher uprooting himself in search of quick wealth through sugar and the African uprooted by force from his environment to supply slave labor upon which his owners dream of wealth depended (Manley, 1975 12). In 1494 Christopher Columbus arrived on the island to be followed by his son, Diego, in 1509. Diego Columbus sent a delegation to the island thus supporting Spanish control in Jamaica until 1660. During the reign of the Spanish the colonizers managed to wipe out the entire population of native Arawaks, comprised of 60,000 people.The Spanish had imported some slaves from Africa during this time but developed little of the island. expectant developing began in 1660 when, after a five-year struggle against the Spanish crown, the British won power. There was a significant rise in population under British control. Their system allowed the colony to prosper as they gave unfermented European settlers land to cultivate sugar cane and cocoa. The European planter has been described as a machine for making money (Waters, 1985 22).The role of this colonial economic system was to provide raw materials and goods for the Mother Country. In addition, a general consumer market was developed to send wealth to Europe and allow for capital accumulation, all for the benefit of the colonizers. Slavery represents an important part of Jamaican history and the cultivated dominant atmosphere. For one, plantations highly depended on slave labor to maximize profit margins. Between 1655 and 1808 one million slaves were forcefully brought to Jamaica (Waters, 1985 21-23).Persaud (2001 72) suggests, the plantation system, the totality of institutional arrangements surrounding the production and marketing of plantation crops, has seriously affected society in Jamaica. In other words, the slave mode of production was a crucial factor in the make-up of Jamaicas structural society. Jamaicas class structure today reflects its history as a colonial plantation society and its beginnings of industrial development characterized by a high rate of inequality and poverty

Immanuel Kant Paper Essay

Im partuel Kant (1724-1804) is one of the closely influential philosophers in history of Western philosophy. A primary(prenominal) representative of the Western-European classical philosophy, Immanuel Kant dealt with the best traditions of the German idealism. A military man mortalality, according to Kant is the highest and inviolable value. It is the personality, in Kants understanding, that towers the person over its own self and links the human being with the recite of intimacys. The order of things, according to Kant is the reflection of the common hotshot. The whole perceived world around us complies with the order of things.The most interesting disrupt of Kants philosophy is that his own nonion of the order of things and common sense is dual in case of analyzing it. In his work Groundwork of the Metaphysic of ethics Kants thoughts come to a vital question. This question lies in the meshing between the undermost and highest abilities of a desire, between the longin g to happiness and a computable go away that is a manifestation of avocation. In this work it is precise docile to trace Kants intension to oppose the clean teaching of devotion and its degradation to any ethical relativism, which causes this degradation of pietism.He tried to pee the highest form of estimation of the ethical principles that managed deterrent exemplificationity? For he believed that the degradation of chasteity starts from, the impossibility to evaluate what is re totallyy wrong or right. Here, is the point where Immanuel Kant enters the exposition of the vox populi ripe vacate for. Kant explains what a advanced give is and what loss it consumes in the perception of the moral actions that a person names. Kants main intention is to underline the moral value of motivation and its realization at least by the presence of a commodity ordain in a person. Kant 3Analysis of Kants bully exit The only thing that is good without qualification or rest riction is a good allow. Kant outlines that commodity accusingly remains to be goodness, however if secret code is really good. From this understanding he offers the definition of what a good give is. The nonion of Kants ethics is the autonomous good leave behind. This good lead is not passive a carrier of this exiting needs to make actions and deeds. A moral action looks like a outlet of an intrinsic imperative command. So Kant makes an accent on the importance of the behavior, which is managed by the good go out.That is to say, a good pass on alone in good in all circumstances and in that sense is an absolute or unfathomable good. Kant evaluates a good pull up stakes without basing on the results, which it produces. From the point of visual sense of the philosopher a good will keeps remaining good even if it does bring home the bacon the goal it had. In other words, even if an individual fails to do something commanded by his good will what he did remains a good thing compulsively. At the equivalent time Immanuel Kant views a good will as a unique goodness that is able to produce the result it mean to produce.A good will is still valuable by itself, because it objectively either exists or not in the personality. Good will vs. happiness As it has been already mentioned Immanuel Kant in his work Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals widely uses the term good will. It is very meaning(a) to understand the Kant 4 reason Kant valued this notion so deeply.To completely understand this it is incumbent to draw the parallel between a good will and objective happiness of every individual. Let us suppose, basing on Kants words, that we experience a person who at all points is successful he has power, wealth, a good health, a good state of mind, he is satisfied with his life, looks and considers himself to be a dexterous person.Can we say analyzing this man that he is knowing? Generally yes. People would ordinarily say that this man is joy ful and has everything to be intellectual and his own perception of being happy in addition. Kants question to this matter is different does this happiness have a moral base? From Kants point of view some conditions and qualities of a happy person are not combined with any moral bases. At this point is necessary to come back to the term good will.The absence of a good will makes unacceptable generally inevitable personal qualities such as wittiness, ability to judge, courage, decisiveness and many others. Kant implies that these qualities may live evil in case when they are not back up by the good will. From the philosophers opinion a good will forms, probably, the most essential condition not only of being happy tho even of being worthy to be happy. The essence of a good will A good will is a will, not able to be cruel or evil.The supposition of goodness forms the temper of the good will. Goodness it the main entreatment of the existence of the good will according to Imma nuel Kant. A good will is a will in which subjective characteristics of an individual do not prevent but sic and help the desire to do good. Good will in its own sense is a unity of liberty and law, mind and goodness. The purity of determination of the will by the Kant 5 mind is the real convey of its goodness. Kant also refers to the absolute good will.The sanctity of this good will in Kants understanding comes from its superiority over Kants normal good will. Kant views the absolute good will as the moral destination of the human mind. It is the main goal of the highest gift humanity has ever gotten the human mind. Kant interprets this form of will as a pure will. Kant through his notion good will reveals the necessity of high moral determine in the life of every person, without which the life even subjectively happy individual is may not be called complete and successful, but even a failure of mind to success and to purify.Kant makes an accent on the ask versatility of the good will a good will needs to become the law of will of any creature. A good will possesses a full unity of subjective and objective beginnings of the will in the unconditional law of moralities. Plausibility of Kants view of the good will few people claim that Kants idea seems to be a utopia of beau ideal. jibe to Kant the perfection of will is estimated by the completeness of absolute will in an individual. If then the perfection of will is a moral law, all other laws of duty remain considerably imperfect, which also makes the good will imperfect, too.Therefore, a human being is a unique creature, for which perfection in other palm is not as valid, as the good will is. The complete perfection is achieved only the good will itself, for it is objectively and unconditionally good. Can this be considered to be a universal law? And is a good will the most valuable thing philosophically? What Kant assures the reader is that the good will is good even if it does not produce the ne cessary effects and does not achieve the results is aimed to achieve. If the reader analyzes this point of view from a practical example he might face a certain difficulty.For instance, a persons Kant 6 goal is to do a good thing, but while trying to do it he causes definite harm. Can it be estimated to be still a good will, even if it caused ban results, polar to the ones aimed to achieve. The most questionable part of Kants opinion is the evaluation of the result of the action produced by the good will. As both positive and negative results do not postpone the goodness of the good will it is very hard to objectively judge the actions of a person. If the perfection stick out be found only inside of the good will and nothing else can be perfect by itself, than how can a person anticipate that he poses a good will.This is very doubtful, due to the difference of the notion of happiness of other people. Individuals subjectivity does not allow them to possess a good will because eve n if their intensions are good they cannot know for sure that what they want to do is good in terms of the person they want to help and anything else. At the same time the event of willing good may not be taken into count. If in that location are two different people with the same results obtained and if their wills are fence each other, than the person that possessed a good will in his intentions is the good one.It is about the inconsistency of the will and the result of the action the will produces. Kant idea seems to be a utopia, but nevertheless, it may be called pat due to the possibility to perfect while trying to achieve the absolute will. It is very plausible that even if a man is talented, gifted, if he posses the most suitable temperament for his ambience, even if he is clever, voluptuous, sincere it all may produce harm in case if it not directed by a good will. Immanuel Kant outlines that a good will is what makes a man highly moral and therefore evaluates him in it s own definition.Conclusion Immanuel Kant provided a philosophical point of view of the morality of the purchase order. His good will knowledgeability gave the bases to the works of other famous philosophers. Immanuel Kant 7 Kants good will theory claims that only if a thing does not require anything else to be good in order to function then it is good and if it does it is good with a certain limitation. Good will is estimated both by the goodness of the willing and the result of this willing, not necessarily both at the same time.As all the personal qualities require a good will to conduct them in order to be good they are all good with limitations. At the same time a good will does not need all these qualities to be good. All the qualities and opportunities in the society around are good with limitations and the only thing that will make them truly good is the good will, for it is the only thing that does not require anything else to be good. Kants unexcelled idea enraptures the thinker with its depth.The most important thing to understand, according to Kant is that the goodness of a good will is not evaluated through the result it achieves and the result itself has nothing to with the goodness of the good will and under no condition does limit its goodness. Nothing would end this paper better that Kants own words carrying the most important communicate he wanted people to hearIt is impossible to conceive anything at all in the world, or even out of it, which can be taken as good without qualification, except a good will. Kant 8 Bibliography Abbott, I. K. (1829). Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. New York Broadview Press Ltd. Beck, t. L. (1959). Foundations of Metaphysics of Morals. Indianapolis Bobbs-Merrill. Kessler. (2009). Voices of Wisdom. Mason Cengage Learning.

Candide and Enlightenment

Volt aviationes Candide both supported and ch wholly(a)enged traditional enlightenment viewpoints by the use of fictional non-western perspectives. Candide mockingly contradicts the typical foresight tone that world is rude(a)ly good and can be master over his get destiny (optimism). Candide faces m some(prenominal) hardships that are caused by the cruelty of adult male (such as the war between the Bulgars and Abares, Cunegonde being raped, etc) and events that are beyond his control (the seism in Lisbon).Voltaire did not believe that a perfect God (or any God) has to exist he mocked the idea that the world must be on the whole good, and he makes looseness of this idea without Candide. He also makes fun of the philosophers of the time, because the philosophers in the novel talk a lot, do nothing, and solve no problems at all. Candide also makes a mockery of the aristocracys tone of superiority by birth. Voltaire also addresses the corruption of the religious figures and the church thence destroying and challenging the Sacred Circle. Voltaires Candide is the story of one mans trials and sufferings through life.The main character is Candide. Candide is portrayed as a wanderer. He grew up in the Castle of the Baron of Westphalia, who was his mothers brother and was taught by, Dr. Pangloss, the greatest philosopher of the whole world. Pangloss taught Candide that everything that happens is for the best. Candide is exiled from the castle because of his love for the Barons daughter, Cunegonde. He then sets out to different places in the hope of conclusion her and achieving total happiness. Candide thought that everything happened for the best because the greatest philosopher taught him that, but everyone around him did not accept that theory.The optimistic Pangloss and Candide, suffer and witness a wide diversity of horrors beating, rapes, robberies, unjust executions, disease,and an earthquake, These things do not serve any apparent great good, but be a sign of the cruelty and madness of philanthropy and the lack of sympathy of the natural world. Pangloss manages to find justification for the terrible things in the world, but his arguments are sometimes stupid, for example, when the Anabaptist is about to drown he scratch Candide from saving him because he claims that the Bay of Lisbon had been formed specifically for the drowning of the Anabaptist. opposite characters, such as the old woman, Martin, and Cacambo, have all reached more hopeless conclusions about forgivingity and the world because of past experiences. One problem with Pangloss optimism was that it was not based on the real world, but on abstract arguments of philosophy. In the story of Candide, philosophy repeatedly proves to be useless and even destructive. It prevents characters from making realistic judgment of the world around them and from taking positive follow up to change hostile situations.Candide lies under debris after the Lisbon earthquake and Pan gloss ignores his requests for oil and wine and instead struggles to prove the causes of the earthquake. In some other scenario, Pangloss is coitus Candide of how he contracting venereal disease from Paquette, and how it came from one of Christopher Columbus men. He tells Candide that venereal disease was necessary because now Europeans were able to enjoy vernal world delicacies, like chocolate. The character Candide was the nephew of the Baron of Thunder-ten-tronckh, whose sister, was Candides mother.The barons sister, refused to marry Candides father because he only had seventy-one quarterings (noble lineages) in his coat of arms, while her own coat of arms had seventy-two (Candide, 1). This burlesque makes the aristocracys concern over the subtleties of birth look ridiculous. Candide explores the craft that was rampant in the Church and the cruelty of the clergy using a chassis of satirical and ironic situations such as, the Lisbon earthquake that kills tens of thousands of people and indemnity three fourth of Lisbon still the Portuguese Inquisition decides to come an auto-da-fe to appease God and prevent another disaster.This serves no purpose because another earthquake strikes in the middle of the hanging of Pangloss and beating of Candide. Church officials in Candide are portrayed as being among the approximately sinful of all citizens having mistresses, engaging in homosexual affairs, and operating as jewel thieves. The most ridiculous example of hypocrisy in the Church is the fact that a Pope has a daughter despite his vows of celibacy.Other examples are the Portuguese Inquisitor, who takes Cunegonde for a mistress, who hangs Pangloss and executes his fellow citizens over philosophical differences, and orders Candide to beaten for, listening with an air of approval (Candide, 13) to the opinions of Pangloss and a Franciscan friar who is a jewel thief, despite the vow of poverty taken by members of the Franciscan order. Finally, Voltaire introd uces a Jesuitic colonel with marked homosexual tendenci es.The profundity belief, in which a perfect ball club should be controlled by reforming existing institutions, is made to appear ridiculous, while erhaps all that Voltaire wanted to do was to present the history of his century with the worst abominations. It was probably Voltaires ability to challenge all authority that was his greatest contribution to Enlightenment values. He questioned his own parenthood and his morals to express his ideas to the world of Enlightenment through the novel Candide. In particular, the novel makes fun of those who think that human beings can endlessly improve themselves and their environment.Voltaire expresses his beliefs on optimism, philosophical speculation, and religion through the main character. Candide, The main character of the novel, is set adrift in a hostile world and unsuccessfully tries to hold on to his optimistic belief that this is the best of all possible worlds as his tutor, Pangloss, keeps insisting. He travels throughout Europe, southwestward America, and the Middle East, and on the way he encounters many terrible natural disasters. Candide is a good-hearted but hopelessly naive.