6 remote entry level jobs that are hiring today

6 remote entry level jobs that are hiring today Getting to work from home used to be a luxury afforded to only certain workers in certain fields, but technology has made it possible for a wide variety of people to clock in from the comfort of the desks in their very own living rooms. In fact, according to a recent Gallup poll, 43% of employees work remotely sometimes. The ability to work remotely can be a huge perk- you save money on thing like commuting costs, a work wardrobe, and even coffee and lunch, which you can now make in the comfort of your own home. Hiring remote workers has become more popular in recent years, but there are certain fields that are particularly likely to be hiring workers for remote entry level jobs. Here are just a few. Associate account managerAssociate account managers take care of the basic operations of a company and often serve as liaisons between different departments- a job ideal for working from home if operations take place in different parts of the country. While experience in sales or marketi ng is sometimes required, associate account managing might also be an entry-level job.Copy editorWriting and editing jobs have long been popular among telecommuters, and with all the content that gets churned out all day, every day as news generates, editors are particularly in demand right now. They’re the folks who ensure that the words we read on business sites and blogs are strong, grammatically correct, and concise. There are many copy editing jobs at the entry level right now, and telecommuting is a very common perk.Operations coordinatorIf you’re more the management type than the wordsmith, consider finding a position as an operations coordinator. This job involves dealing with team members and handling billing, invoices, and payroll for all the teams in an organization. Like with an account manager gig, you don’t need to be in a physical office to do the job- especially if the company has many locations.TranslatorIf you’re fluent in more than one language, you can use your skills from the comfort of your own home across a wide variety of industries. If you have a stellar attention to detail and a great command of grammar, style, and slang in both of your spoken languages, translation is a great opportunity to use your skills and fit in work on your own schedule.Roadside assistance app representativeIf your car has ever broken down and you’ve used your phone to access a roadside assistance app to get moving again, you’ve relied on the kindness and skills of a person on the other end of the line to get you out of your bind. Roadside assistance app representatives are needed to handle the behind-the-scenes work that gets the job done- using people skills and computer skills to get people on the road again. Ironically, travel is often not a requirement for these jobs.Sales representativeSales representatives promote products to customers on the phone and on online, so not much more than a phone and a computer are n eeded to do this job. If you’re an ace with your computer and love talking to people all day, this may be the remote entry-level job for you. Sales reps who love what they sell are the best at their jobs, so if you have a passion for a product, this is also the gig for you.

Biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne

Biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne was one of the most admired American authors of the 19th century, and his reputation has endured to the present day. His novels, including The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables, are widely read in schools. A native of Salem, Massachusetts, Hawthorne often incorporated the history of New England, and some lore related to his own ancestors, into his writings. And by focusing on themes such as corruption and hypocrisy he dealt with serious issues in his fiction. Often struggling to survive financially, Hawthorne worked at various times as a government clerk, and during the election of 1852 he wrote a campaign biography for a college friend, Franklin Pierce. During Pierces presidency Hawthorne secured a posting in Europe, working for the State Department. Another college friend was Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. And Hawthorne was also friendly with other  prominent writers, including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Herman Melville. While writing Moby Dick, Melville felt the influence of Hawthorne so profoundly that he changed his approach and eventually dedicated the novel to him. When he died in 1864, the New York Times described him as the most charming of American novelists, and one of the foremost descriptive writers in the language. Early Life Nathaniel Hawthorne was born July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts. His father was a sea captain who died while on a voyage to the Pacific in 1808, and Nathaniel was raised by his mother, with the help of relatives. A leg injury sustained during a game of ball caused young Hawthorne to restrict his activities, and he became an avid reader as a child. In his teens he worked in the office of his uncle, who ran a stagecoach, and in his spare time he dabbled with trying to publish his own small newspaper. Hawthorne entered Bowdoin College in Maine in 1821 and began writing short stories and a novel. Returning to Salem, Massachusetts, and his family, in 1825, he finished a novel he had started in college, Fanshawe. Unable to get a publisher for the book, he published it himself. He later disavowed the novel and tried to stop it from circulating, but some copies did survive. Literary Career During the decade after college Hawthorne submitted stories such as Young Goodman Brown to magazines and journals. He was often frustrated in his attempts to get published, but eventually a local publisher and bookseller, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody began to promote him. Peabodys patronage introduced Hawthorne to prominent figures such as Ralph Waldo Emerson. And Hawthorne would eventually marry Peabodys sister. As his literary career began to show promise, he secured, through political friends, an appointment to a patronage job in the Boston custom house. The job provided an income, but was fairly boring work. After a change in political administrations cost him the job, he spent about six months at Brook Farm, a Utopian community near West Roxbury, Massachusetts.   Hawthorne married his wife, Sophia, in 1842, and moved to Concord, Massachusetts, a hotbed of literary activity and home to Emerson, Margaret Fuller, and Henry David Thoreau. Living in the Old Manse, the house of Emersons grandfather, Hawthorne entered a very productive phase and he wrote sketches and tales. With a son and a daughter, Hawthorne moved back to Salem and took another government post, this time at the Salem custom house. The job mostly required his time in the mornings and he was able to write in the afternoons. After the Whig candidate Zachary Taylor was elected president in 1848, Democrats like Hawthorne could be dismissed, and in 1848 he lost his posting at the custom house. He threw himself into the writing of what would be considered his masterpiece, The Scarlet Letter. Fame and Influence Seeking an economical place to live, Hawthorne moved his family to Stockbridge, in the Berkshires. He then entered the most productive phase of his career. He finished The Scarlet Letter, and also wrote The House of the Seven Gables. While living in Stockbridge, Hawthorne befriended Herman Melville, who was struggling with the book that became Moby Dick. Hawthornes encouragement and influence was very important to Melville, who openly acknowledged his debt by dedicating the novel to his friend and neighbor. The Hawthorne family was happy in Stockbridge, and Hawthorne began to be acknowledged as one of Americas greatest authors. Campaign Biographer In 1852 Hawthornes college friend, Franklin Pierce, received the Democratic Partys nomination for president as a dark horse candidate. In an era when Americans often did not know much about the presidential candidates, campaign biographies were a potent political tool. And Hawthorne offered to help his old friend by quickly writing a campaign biography. Hawthornes book on Pierce was published a few months before the November 1852 election, and it was considered very helpful in getting Pierce elected. After he became president, Pierce paid back the favor by offering Hawthorne as diplomatic post as the American consul in Liverpool, England, a thriving port city. In the summer of 1853 Hawthorne sailed for England. He worked for the U.S. government until 1858, and while he kept a journal he didnt focus on writing. Following his diplomatic work he and his family toured Italy and returned to Concord in 1860. Back in America, Hawthorne wrote articles but did not publish another novel. He began to suffer ill health, and on May 19, 1864, while on a trip with Franklin Pierce in New Hampshire, he died in his sleep.

Margaret Thatcher - Prime Minister - England 1980's Essay

Margaret Thatcher - Prime Minister - England 1980's - Essay Example Her father was a great influence in her life. Her father, who owned a grocery shop, was also a respectable member of the town council and later became a mayor. Margaret got married in the early 1950s and got two kids; Mark and Carol. Political interest and career can be traced in her early life before marriage, when she became the president of Oxford University Conservative Association. After receiving her degree in chemistry, she became a research chemist, and later attempted to run for Dartford’s parliamentary seat prior her marriage. Though she lost in both trials under a Conservative ticket in areas dominated by Labour party, she endeavoured to prepare herself by practicing law (tax law) before being elected as a representative of Finchley in 1959 (â€Å"Margaret,† biography.com) under conservative party. She served in various positions afterwards; as a junior minister for pensions and national insurance under Harold’s government, a member of Edward Heathâ₠¬â„¢s shadow cabinet during Labour party regime, secretary for education when Heath became PM, a conservative party leader after Heath in 1975, and finally, the first female elected PM in Britain in 1979, to serve until her resignation towards the end of 1990 (Owen, theguardian.com). She later quitted the House of Commons and was appointed a peeress in the House of Lords, but due to health effects, she retired from public speaking early during the 21st century. She earned the title ‘Iron lady’, following her rise into power and political career. Leadership Style The leadership style of Margaret Thatcher was influenced by her principles, beliefs, background, and other qualities she possessed. Her leadership can be described as a combination of dominant-authoritarian and charismatic styles (Ribberink genderforum.org). In her leadership efforts to reform Britain, most of the policies she put forth faced opposition even from some of her party members. Though she demonstrate d certain good qualities of leadership like confidence and focus to accomplish an objective, her decisions could be difficult to changes, lacking room for flexibilities, or accommodating other thoughts to shape the policies she used for the future of Britain’s economy. During the conflicts over the Malvinas Island, the PM ignored the immediate advice to use diplomacy as a way to resolve the issue, and instead remained adamant to the use of a naval task force, rejecting pleas and negotiation of a resolution (Sides, themonkeycage.org). Her lack of inflexibility in decision or policy making increased her opposition, as it felt she had overstepped the civil service and party structures into personal oriented influence. However, despite her authoritative leadership style, she would manage to get things done, but her iron will which her party failed to tolerate led to her demise as a PM. Right from her youth and for the rest of her political career, Margaret Thatcher reflected the qualities of a charismatic leader. The charismatic qualities she had persuaded the electorate to vote for her, both as a constituency representative and a party leader later in power. Public speaking equipped her better into this leadership style. Beyond that, she expressed self confidence, had a strong will to perform, and articulated her strong vision for Britain and its economy. It is her charismatic leadership that led to her

Surpassing the Passive Hero in Waverly by Sir Walter Scott Essay

Surpassing the Passive Hero in Waverly by Sir Walter Scott - Essay Example Essentially Welsh seems to attempt to debunk the idea that Scott was even a good novelist, let alone a great romantic novelist, within his books. Welsh admits that Waverly is the prototype for the modern novel, but then goes on to argue the various weaknesses within Scott's technique. He suggests that Scott is not a realist, as he seems incapable of drawing a realistic portrayal of life. Neither is he capable of any type of analysis according to Welsh; he argues succinctly that "Scott never criticizes his own society" (Welsh, 1963). Also, Scott is not a very good romantic writer either as he has no full knowledge of the human heart and his characters are "notoriously unemotional" (Welsh, 1963). By way of proving this, Welsh suggests that Waverly's only emotional moment in his very brief attachment to Flora. . . . . the hero is obviously much more at home as a peacemaker than as a warrior, and it is amusing to watch Waverly racing ahead over the battlefield in order to rescue Hanoverian officers, and then being commended for his distinguished service by the chevalier. According to Welsh, the hero of Waverly is irredeemably passive and thus incapable of realistically portraying action and an active role within society. The hoer is caught within an intensely moralistic society which essentially stifles him. A true hero, according to Welsh, at least within the modern period, is a man for whom "masculinity meant self-control under the most trying circumstances" (Welsh, 1963). These characteristics he sees more within the insular, inward-looking Talbot rather than in the antics of Fergus rushing around Scotland performing traditionally "heroic" deeds. Part of this passivity, according to Welsh, stems from the fact that Scott's novels often revolve around the relationship between the individual and the state. In Waverly the hero adopts a positively Twentieth Century stance as he paradoxically invites and then resists his own arrest. He is contradictory if incredibly passive, at least in a traditionally "heroic" sense. But does this need to be an "either/or" question or can it be "both/and" Can the hero of Waverly exhibit passivity at one point and action at another and still be believable It would seem that the answer to this is a categorical "yes". Real human beings do not act according to a formulaic design for their character. He is not either a "passive character" or a "hero". He can be passive and active according to the moment. A simple glance at what actually occurs in Waverly belies the simple dichotomies that Welsh sets up in his attempted criticism of the novel. The opening of the novel starts with Waverly taking very real action, both in terms of his physical movements and in his decision making. Waverly is brought up in the family home of his Uncle, near London, but is soon given a commission in the Hanoverian army and is posted to Dundee, in Scotland. If he were purely passive he would not have taken up this commission in the first place. As soon as he arrives in Dundee, Waverly decides to take leave in order to meet the Jacobite friend of his Uncle, Baron

Carry Out Comprehensive Substance Misuse Assessmen Essay Example for Free

Carry Out Comprehensive Substance Misuse Assessmen Essay Every individual is unique and even though many will show or feel similar sensations with regards to how a substance makes them feel, it is not always good to assume that the traits that they show will always be the most obvious. Over a period of time, substance misuser’s will adopt a technique of hiding the most obvious traits that give warning signs of substance misuse so as a professional need to be very observant and continuously engage with regular training courses to keep up to date with the latest drug trends and effects they have on the body and how they alter the mood. Many clients will show some obvious traits of substance misuse which will include gouching, which is the effect of the hit from Heroin/Methadone (Heroin substitute). Gouching is when the client will be quite alert at the beginning of a group session, but within 10 – 15 minutes they will start to appear as they are falling asleep. They may start to bow their head and if you call them they immediately wake up. Another of the physical signs of substance misuse of a client with a Heroin addiction would be the eyes rolling or the plain struggle to keep them open. I have found that clients with a Crack or Cocaine addiction tend to be the other scale as these drugs are stimulants. I have had clients high from a binge from the night before who have attended group sessions and been very talkative, eyes quite wide with an obvious redness of the lack of sleep. These physical signs can vary dependant on the lapse of time from finishing their misuse session to attending the group session, so for e. g. f the client had not yet been to sleep they would seem very hyperactive, jittery and very fidgety, but if they may have had a few hours sleep the physical signs can be quite different, so they are irritable due to tiredness. They would be quite slouched and not so conversational because they are on what it known as a come down. All the euphoria has now left the body and the body in a sense is returning to its normal state. Substance misuse can also just as easily affect a client’s whole behavioural pattern as well as their emotional and social in teractions. The behavioural indications can be the client just not being their usual self, this could be a few varying factors, but once you get to know a client you understand how they behave towards different things that affect them. They could easily become emotional too which could be the client is purely upset and feel like they have let their self down because they may have been abstinent for a while and not been able to handle a certain situation or simply had a trigger which they could not control and went and used on it. Many clients that I deal with on a day to day basis do suffer with a variety of ailments and illnesses and are prescribed medication for these. They range quite broadly from medication to manage a mental illness to taking medication in order to help keep their blood thin enough so not to suffer from DVT. Some of these prescribed medications will make our clients appear to be under the influence of a substance when really they are not. As professionals this is why you need to collate important information from the assessment stages so you can ask questions about a client’s medication and what the side effects may be as well as do your own research to back up any information already given. Within CRI as we have the consent to sharing information form if this has been signed you may want to contact the GP with a breakdown of what the side effects may be and the effect it would have on a client with substance misuse issues alongside the immediate risk factors too. Many of the prescribed medications for mental health illnesses and depression will make clients seem as they are falling asleep, not really focusing on what is going on and spaced out, but this is not the case and if you are aware of a clients conditions then you would know best how to assess the situation at the given time. I regularly attend training provided by CRI and local boroughs or other services within the locality so that I am fully up to date with the new trends and old trends of drugs that are available, where the bad batches are being distributed and the strength of what is about on the streets at the current time. This is down to you as an individual to also do your own research on the internet of what is going on in the drug scene and ask questions. If you hear of something that you are unaware of ask those questions, you never know when you will come across a client that may have a particular problem with that substance and you may be the person that needs to help them. I have found that clients can be quite knowledgeable so ask them questions too and go back and check on the information provided with others. I do not feel that one person will or can know everything, but this is when team members should draw upon one another to have a wide knowledge within a team so all areas are covered in most instances. Probation – This is a criminal justice service that works alongside all those who have committed a crime and have been sentenced to either serve a custodial sentence, suspended sentence, community order or DRR. Most people will have a period of licence that they will have to attend appointments to discuss what they are doing with their lives. This is where clients will attend to be tested for substances and these results are fed back to CRI – Stabilisation Day Programme. Probations service also has the ability to tap into other services and a certain amount of resources that will enable clients to gain help in ETE, Housing services or referral units, Drug Intervention groups. CASS – Community Alcohol Stabilisation Services – This service works with clients whose main or preferred substance of choice is alcohol. This service will help work with clients extensively and support them if they require a detox and hold support groups, some peer lead and coffee mornings. They also will be given a key worker who will work with them on a 1-2-1 basis. CDAS – Community Detox All of these services will complete an assessment of individuals to see the risks attached with the individual. The assessment will show if they can help the client, what treatment can be put in place for them and the extent of the problem that the individual is currently experiencing. If each of these individual services are unable to help an individual they will then refer them on to a service that can assist them better within the area that they require the support and help in. With most organisations there will be an eligibility requirement in order for a service to work with you as well as protocols for accessing these services. Our organisation work very closely with Oasis as an aftercare treatment provider for clients who are not abstinent, but we also have our own organisation that provides aftercare treatment, but you must be totally abstinent from alcohol and drugs for a minimum period of two weeks and you also cannot be on a script. The referral procedure for Oasis would initially be a phone call to the service and letting them know that you have a client is almost completed their 12 week period of their DRR with you and that they have for e. g. nother 12 weeks left on their order where they are required by law to continue to access drug services. An appointment is booked for you and the client to attend and on this visit to Oasis as a project worker you are required to bring along the clients care plans, the completed risk assessment with any updates or amendments and a TOPs form for statistical information to be provided to NDTA. On arriving at the appointment with the client, a key work session will take place and you will also give information to the new key worker with regards to the clients’ background. The care plan review will be completed with the client there and a copy retained by our organisation to be kept on their file. The new key worker will also discuss with them what their service can offer them in regards to follow on treatment and what days they will attend, the groups etc. A new treatment plan is formulated with the new key worker there and then. The eligibility for gaining access to Oasis is that you are from the borough, that you have a substance misuse problem and ideally want help and support with coping and dealing with these issues. Some of the other services have more stringent protocols and eligibility. For example if you were trying to get your client referred to go to residential rehab, you need to send a fully completed referral form to CDAS or the NHS, this is then discussed whether they feel that the potential client has shown the commitment required in order to put them before the funding panel of commissioners to prove that they are ready to take on a huge part of their recovery journey. If the decision to grant them the funding, the client then has to do a detox within the community for two weeks prior to being admitted to the residential rehab. If a client leaves the detox and does not complete this they will lose their place within the rehab or it may be put on hold until they have completed it. The organisation that I work in have clients sentenced on a DRR which means that they do not want to be here, but have no choice but to be there. We are usually the get out of jail card for most of them and unfortunately some of our clients are like revolving doors. However, I see this position as a vocation and not just a job and I am very aware that many of the clients do not want to be with us, but I hold hope that I still may be able to assist them on their individual journey on the path to recovery. I am also very conscious of the fact that not everyone can be helped and that is the nature of the career that I work within. My approach to those clients that do not want to be in services is to explain what my role here is and make them fully aware of all the things the onward referral services can do for them. I give clients as much information as possible about the service and highlight the things that would work for them. It is not always an easy task and some clients are very stubborn and when it gets to the brick wall stage where I feel I have exhausted every possible route to get them to engage with the onward service I remind them that they have a legal requirement to ttend the services and if they do not abide by the DRR it will be reported to their probation officer and may be classed as a breach, which means returning to court to answer to the judge and the order can be revoked and a prison sentence given in its place. When undertaking an assessment of a client, I make sure that I gather as much background information as possible. This may be from the DIP team that I work very closely alongside and if I have knowledge of them working with probation services I will contact their probation officer and request information from them also. I feel it is best to be very prepared so that you can summarise with them their history and spend more time dealing with the immediate things that are proving to be difficult and that they need the support and assistance to make their recovery journey as smooth as possible. If in my information gathering of a client, if something particular comes up that for e. g. they need to be escorted to their appointments. I will ensure that I speak with the person or key worker to ensure that the dates and times are suitable for all parties concerned. I have many clients that also have many appointments to attend in general, so trying to space them out so the client has sufficient time to attend or make appointments on a regular day and time so it will not interfere with any other obligations. If a client has many services involved in their life I will ensure that we have a meeting on a regular basis that includes everyone to minimise the amount of appointments the client has to attend and information is shared in one place at one time. All information is recorded on our CRiis system as soon as the meeting has finished. I think this is good practice so that you do not forget anything important that needs to be recorded for ease of reference for others if they have to see your client whilst you are away. This is also good for when writing review reports for the courts or the probation officers. When assessing a client I feel it is highly important to know their background, history of substances and the life line. If you have a thorough knowledge of the client it is easier to assess the risks to them and others accurately and ensuring that you follow out you duty of care to the client as well as others. This way you also cover yourself from potentially being in the firing line if you ensure you have done a thorough job of the risk factors and highlighting them to your manager if you feel that something is not quite right. It is extremely important to regularly review the risk assessments as things change very quickly with clients. Not any one day is the same for them and they live high risk lives. We ensure that our clients have a 1-2-1 key work session at least every two weeks and the risk is monitored, but if the client does not prove to have high risks it is reviewed every six weeks. Our service is quite small so the team de-brief after every group session and discuss each client that has attended and sometimes we highlight possible risky situations which will be noted as a risk and monitored until the risk has gone or the client has left. If the risk assessment is not reviewed you can put your client at risk as well as your service and everyone that your client comes into contact with. The client is fully involved in the assessment process as the main bulk of our information comes from the individual. I ask them to be as open and as honest as possible as I can only help them if they tell me the truth. At this point I will be taking into consideration traumatic events in their life, when substance misuse started and what the flow of substances are and of the individual poly drug uses. Many of our clients have been through services before, but I always ask if they know why they are here? Have they attended groups before? What are they like in a group setting? How they feel with mixing with others who are at different stages of treatment? By asking them various questions and listening to the clients’ feedback, body language non verbal reactions, I will then know whether they are suitable for the DRR or if they may need to access another service for more specialist treatment. I follow the assessment procedure and ensure all the necessary paper work is completed and all paper work signed by the client and I. I deal with chaotic, abusive and aggressive clients daily. I feel that with my aggressive clients that you need to remain firm and not lose control. I would not put myself in a situation that is overly risky, but you must be a little thick skinned and own the group. The boundaries must be put in place from the on start or this kind of behaviour will rear its ugly head too often. Each situation is different and with the more chaotic clients it’s more about trying to get them into some sort of structure. Ensure that appointments are written down or set in their phone so they remember. I will also text clients when they have an appointment with the service or are due in for group and we find in our service that some of the clients need this level of help. Even the clients that do not need that sort of assistance find it helpful because of they do not feel like attending the text message helps to plant the seed and makes them attend. On the completion of the full assessment, the client and I will look through the information gathered and highlight the priorities areas that we will focus on in the first instance. This are not fixed in stone and if things change as we go along through the course of the treatment process we will address them or re think the order of priority. I feel that if you have to make an assessment on a child or young person you do need to follow the same principles as you do for an adult. I would involve the main carer or person with the main parental responsibility whether this is a foster carer etc. The process would involve gathering as much information as possible with regards to the young person or child’s likes, dislikes, how they react to things, what they were like as a child, traumatic events that may have occurred in their life, what they are like at school, everything that could give me an incite to this young person or child’s personality. From gathering all the information, which would include talking to their school or educational facilities they attend, social services if they have been involved and any other agency that has had involvement with the child or young person, this should give me as a professional a very good idea of what the young person or child is like and then the final thing would be asking the young person or child questions and seeing what their response would be. I feel that I would not personally be able to assess their level of maturity at present as I am not qualified in that area, but if it was something that I had to undertake I would take the steps to involve a child psychologist to accurately assess the level of their maturity. I feel that this area is very specialist and any work that I would undertake would be of another form of information gathering in order to assist with any additional treatment plans that may be put in place to help the young person or child. There are guidelines and legislation that need to be adhered to when dealing with young persons or children which include: Victoria Climbe Report Baby P Which have highlighted areas in the past that have been missed and because of that we have unfortunately lost some very precious children. We also have the Children’s Act 2004 which was amended to include that responsibility of services, organisations, care homes foster carers with the duty of care to a child. During the initial assessment the client is informed of the complaints procedure and offered a copy of their care/treatment plan. The clients are encouraged to complete ITEP maps so they are more involved in the whole process and to recognise that once things are written down on paper how real they actually are. This is sometimes the point when everything becomes real to the client and they begin to take a different view of what is really going on for them in their life and realise that they do need support and help in some areas. We endeavour to keep a good working practice within our team and to sustain good working partnership with all other agencies that we work along side.

A Comparative Analysis Of Online News Articles Media Essay

A Comparative Analysis Of Online News Articles Media Essay In European Union citizens are expected to take responsibility and actions to limit the threat of climate change as well as authorities or corporations. However, while only 36 percent of citizens in Lithuanian take personal action, 75 percent of British do. In light of framing as media effects theory media coverage can be considered as an explanation for different levels of personal contribution. Based on the latter assumption the online news content in Lithuania and the United Kingdom was investigated in terms of attribution of responsibility to citizens, authorities and industry/corporations. The findings showed that the use of the same frames varies by country and political preferences of media. However, the findings were not explicit enough to prove the one directional relationship between media content and individual level behavior, where media is perceived as having power upon individuals. Contrary, the results showed that social problems guide thematic choices of editorials an d therefore individuals have impact on media. As a result, findings raised concerns that the notion of framing as an interactive process would more relevant than the assumption of framing as linear process. Introduction Today climate change is on political, media and individual agendas all across Europe. Political and legislative efforts prove that climate change mitigation is a priority for the European Union. Furthermore, citizens are expected to take responsibility and actions to limit the threat as well. Supranational survey Eurobarometer shows, 63 percent of Europeans say they have taken personal actions to combat climate change (European Commission, 2009). However, the EU as a body of 27 Member States is more diverse than one seeing aggregate level figures could think. For instance, while only 36 percent of citizens in Lithuanian take personal action, 75 percent of British do (European Commission, 2009). The topic of climate change not only has its thematic relevance, but as well scientific. In light of framing theory media coverage can be considered as an explanation for different levels of personal contribution to climate change mitigation among Lithuanians and British. To assess the influence of media portrayals of climate change on individuals, two research questions are developed: RQ1. To what extent do media frame climate change in terms of attribution of responsibility to industry and corporations, international and national authorities, and citizens themselves? RQ2. Does the attribution of responsibility to particular actor vary by country: the United Kingdom and Lithuania? To be more specific, I expect to find that Lithuanian media attribute responsibility to citizens more seldom compare to British media. Moreover, in media coverage in Lithuania attribution of responsibility to citizens should be less visible than attribution of responsibility to authorities or industry. Contrary, in British media attribution of responsibility to citizens should more or equally visible compare to authorities and industry. The next chapter will provide theoretical framework on which the paper rests. It will be followed by the sections of method, results and discussion. Literature review Within the realm of social sciences, such as sociology, psychology, political science and political communication, studies of framing are common. In a way it explains why framing as a concept is rather scattered, as Entman once referred to it (Entman, 1993, p. 51). However, scientists of different disciplines share the perception that the function of a frame is to help people organise the complexity of the world into meaningful categories (Nickels, 2005, p. 21). Framing as theory can be conceptualized in terms of media effects (e.g. Scheufele, 1999; Scheufele, 2000). Generally, media effects are classified into cognitive, affective and behavioural. Cognitive effects refer to the assumption that how news is presented has influence on what people know or think about issues, people, and event (Glynn Jeong, 2003, p. 634). Affective effects refer to emotional reactions to media coverage. Behavioral effects can be understood as observable actions that are linked to media exposure (Perse, 2001, p. 3). What concerns the latter, a widely cited study of Kahneman and Tversky (1984) showed that how a particular issue is framed determines perceptions of problems and subsequent actions upon them (Vliegenthart et al., 2008, p. 419). In view of these considerations, the prominence of framing theory and framing effects studies in the field of communication flows naturally. In the field of political communication framing effects studies often focus on investigating the relationship between news content and individual perceptions (e.g. de Vreese, 2002). Nickels (2005) argues that partially this is determined by the assumption that the news is the principal means by which they [i.e., people] experience and learn (p. 22) about certain issues. A frame in media is an emphasis in salience of certain aspects of a topic (De Vreese, 2002, p. 27). The frame works by omitting some aspects and attaching more salience and meaning to others (Entman, 1993, p. 53). The reasoning of selecting of these aspects can be determined by political, media and social context (De Vreese Semetko, 2004, p. 93). Therefore, media frames can be defined as social and cultural indicators of the particular time (Nickels, 2005, p. 26). Frames in media can be investigated by the presence or absence of certain key-words, stock phrases, stereotyped images, sources of information, and sentences that provide thematically reinforcing clusters of facts or judgements (Entman, 1993, p. 52). In general, two main ways to analyze frames can be identified issue-specific and generic. The former is considered to be a better approach to detect newly emerging frames while the latter is based on the investigation of predefined frames in the text (Matthes Kohring, 2008). Majority of the studies of generic frames focus on the prevalence of one or several frames in media. Attribution of responsibility (e.g. Iyengar, 1987; Iyengar, 1991; Semetko Valkenburg, 2000; Valkenburg et al., 1999) fall within most commonly investigated generic frames. Valkenburg et al. (1999) defines the attribution of responsibility frame as representing an issue or problem in such a way as to attribute responsibility for causing or solving a problem to the g overnment or to an individual or to a group (p. 552). The biggest advantage of generic approach enables to detect differences or similarities between certain media (or within it), cross-nationally and over time (Nickels, 2005, p.24). However, generic frames are not suitable to explore the new issues as they are derived from theory. Iyengar (1991) measured how individuals attribute responsibility for social problems after exposure to different content. The research proved that, when television news present issues in terms of individual, people tend to attribute responsibility to individuals rather than government. Semetko and Valkenburg (2000) investigated the presence of 5 news frames theoretically derived from prior framing studies: attribution of responsibility, conflict, human interest, economic consequences, and morality. Media content was analyzed in the period surrounding the Amsterdam meetings of European heads of state in 1997 (p. 93). The study unveiled that the attribution of responsibility frame was used the most in news. Moreover it showed that attribution of responsibility was more used in serious media both press and television. Bennet and Iyengar (2008) argues that today with growing opportunities to personalize media content the way people learn about and experience the social world has changed. Therefore, media effects theories have to be reconsidered to go in line with changing social environment. Opponents claim (e.g. Holbert, Garrett Gleason, 2010), to announce a new era of minimal media effects is too early. Another criticism addressed to framing-effect studies is the commonly used experimental design, which neglects natural environment people live in and questions generalizability of the findings (Chong Druckman, 2007, p. 102). Those trying to overcome methodological drawback by comparing media content with survey results agree that it is difficult to separate out the effects of the media from other environmental or social influences (Glynn Jeong, 2003, p. 633). On the other hand, if effects are proved to be present on individual level under experimental conditions, it is logical to expect them to be present in society at large. To put it in Vliegenthart et al. (2008) words, this does not imply that all citizens are exposed to (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) news, but that on the aggregate level news coverage has the potential to drive the attitudes of a substantial share of the population (p. 418). To sum up, despite changing media environment and individual habits towards media use, media still often is a primary framer and therefore has the power to set the tone and scope of the discussion about particular issue. In view of the considerations discussed in this chapter, the present empirical research was based on the assumption that frames in media influence how people think about certain problems and act upon them. To be more specific, that how media frames climate change issue in terms of frame of attribution of responsibility affects individual behavior. As in this study aggregate level public opinion surveys results will be compared with media content, I am aware that social or other influences will not be encountered. Method The main interest of the current study is to find out if media content are capable of explaining, why people in some countries are more likely to take personal actions to fight climate change than others. Therefore, two cases representing significant contrasts in citizens behavior were needed The United Kingdom and Lithuania appeared to comply with the condition (Eurobarometer, 2009). Consequently, the comparative design was chosen as it served the aim of the study best. As Hantrais (1996) defined, the aim of comparative cross-national research is to seek explanations for similarities and differences or to gain a greater awareness and a deeper understanding of social reality in different national contexts (Bryman, 2004, p.53). The design was realized in the form of quantitative content analysis of news websites articles in two countries. The content of news was analyzed in terms of the presence of attribution of responsibility frame. The operationalization of this generic frame was mainly based on measures developed by Semetko and Valkenburg (2000). However, as I was interested, to what extent responsibility is attributed to a particular actor, the frame was divided into three new frames. These are: Attribution of responsibility to international and national authorities, attribution of responsibility to industry and corporations, and attribution of responsibility to citizens themselves. Clusters of four yes-no framing questions were used to identify if generic frames are present in analyzed news articles (see Appendix 1). For framing analysis four news websites were chosen Guardian.co.uk and Thetimes.co.uk in the United Kingdom, and Lrytas.lt and Respublika.lt in Lithuania. All of them are websites of popular national newspapers: The Guardian and The Times, and Lietuvos rytas and Respublika, respectively. As the online and traditional versions of newspapers share the content, it can be estimated that information reaches young and older, online and traditional newspaper readers at national level in both countries. Furthermore, it was estimated that political leaning of newspapers can influence the findings. According to traditional division of newspapers by political affiliation, Guardian.co.uk. and Respublika.lt was chosen as leaning to left, and Thetimes.co.uk and Lrytas.lt as leaning to right. The period of investigation is from 2009 July 1 till 2009 August 1. The choice of the period was determined by the fact that the survey on Europeans attitudes towards climate change (Eurobarometer, 2009) was conducted in 2009 August-September. Therefore, the period had to be prior to survey fieldwork. Only articles with the main topic of climate change/climate change mitigation were selected for framing analysis. In total media sample consisted of 135 articles. However, media coverage varied by country meaningfully: N=26 in Lithuania and N=109 in the United Kingdom. Although chosen research design is consistent with the aim of the study, it also has several drawbacks that must be considered. Firstly, small media sample may lead to biased results as media coverage was restricted to two news websites in each country. Secondly, the study period of month does not allow measuring the presence of frames in changing political and social environment throughout longer period of time. To put it in other words, the findings show one-time situation. As a result, I am aware that generalization of research outcomes is limited. Results The results of content analysis showed that the frame of attribution of responsibility to citizens in Lithuanian media is more present than in British media (see Table 1), contrary to initial expectations. The most present frame in both countries appeared to be attribution of responsibility to international or national authorities. The Lithuanian media was more likely to use this frame and exclusively attributed responsibility to international authorities. The British media paid more attention to attribution of responsibility to industry and corporations than Lithuanian. Table 1. The presence of attribution of responsibility frame by country The findings confirmed that political affiliation plays an important role in presenting climate change issue. Left leaning websites (Respublika.lt and Guardian.co.uk) appeared to be more likely to attribute responsibility to citizens than left leaning (Lrytas.lt and Thetimes.co.uk). In Respublika.lt 63 percent and in Guardian.co.uk 28 percent of articles contained the latter frame, while only 17 percent in Thetimes.co.uk and none in Lrytas.lt did. Right leaning news sites considerably more discussed climate change issue in terms of attribution of responsibility to international and national authorities than left leaning. Table 2. The presence of attribution of responsibility frame by outlet To sum up, the media coverage does not seem to be directly related to behaviour: In Lithuania, where citizens are less likely to combat climate change personally, the frame of attribution of responsibility was more present than in British media. In this case, the personal behaviour in relation to climate change mitigation seems to be a reason for a bigger or smaller media attention rather than a cause of citizens behaviour. Discussion As is evident from the last chapter, the use of frames of attribution of responsibility in news sites varied by country. However, the variation was not consistent with initial expectations. In terms of presence of attribution of responsibility frame results were opposite than expected: In Lithuania the media attributed responsibility to citizens more than media in the United Kingdom. Therefore, the media cannot be considered as a main factor determining low citizens involvement in climate change mitigation in Lithuania and high involvement of people in the United Kingdom. In this case the direction of influence is likely to be from individuals to media. Low awareness of climate change mitigation at individual level in Lithuania encourages media editorials to address the problem. As the latter problem is not present in the United Kingdom, the frame of attribution of responsibility to individuals is less present in media. Furthermore, the results go in line with criticism of framing as a one way-communication model. As Nickels (2005) noted, the framing process (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) is more likely to be an interactive process of negotiation where political, media and public actors have different measures of framing power(p. 32). From this point of view, a relationship between media and individuals should be investigated as an interactive process of negotiation about climate change. In light of such an approach the power of framing of different actors could be assessed more accurately. Both Lithuanian and British media mainly discussed how climate change is tackled at political level while the role of citizens and industry and corporations received considerably less attention. The prominence of attribution of responsibility to authorities frame should not be surprising considering policy priorities of the EU. Firstly, the European Union is said to play an important role as the international agenda setter in relationship to climate change mitigation (Schreurs Tiberghien, 2007, p. 19). Secondly, during the last twenty years the EU managed to turn the encouragement to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions into legislation. Furthermore, the comparison by political preferences of news websites shows that political affiliation strongly influences the content. Climate change mitigation in terms of citizens behavior in left leaning websites was presented more often than in right leaning. The latter news sites concentrated more on attribution of responsibility to authorities. In total, right leaning news are more balanced according to the frequency of the whole three frames use. Therefore, findings prove a tight relationship between politics and media. The main limits of the study appeared to be related to methodological concerns. A short period of investigation at one particular time does not let to assess if findings can be generalized or they represent only a particular case. Another drawback is that aggregate level data on citizens behavior in relation to climate change mitigation was compared to media content of small sample. Therefore, it would be beneficial for the aim of the study to increase media sample and investigate how changes in media correspond with changes in public opinion/behavior over time. This could be considered as a future research direction in terms of methodological improvements. Besides the information related to the aim of the study, the investigation showed that Lithuanian media uses the frame of attribution of responsibility in context of international affairs: The role of national or local authorities was not mentioned in media once. Contrary, British media paid more attention to national governments policies related to climate change. As the EU is instrumental in climate change mitigation, it would be intriguing to explore how successful is the EU in setting climate change issue on political agendas of new Member States, i.e. what role governments play in climate change mitigation. Furthermore, media sample of climate change related articles in the United Kingdom appeared to be five time bigger than in Lithuania. Consequently, it would be interesting to investigate to what extent the climate change issue is present compare to the total content media in different countries. In light of media frames the study to show that the use of the same frames varies by country and political preferences of media. However, in light of framing effects the empirically collected data was not explicit enough to shed light on connection of citizens attitudes and subsequent actions and media content. The study unfolds the need encounter cultural, economic and political differences, as well as the interactive notion of framing process participants. References Bennet, W. L., Iyengar, S. (2008). A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication. Journal of Communication, 58, 707-731. Bryman, A. (2004). Social Research Methods (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Chong, D. Druckman,J. N. (2007b). A Theory of Framing and Opinion Formation in Competitive Elite Environments. Journal of Communication, 57, 99-118. De Vreese, C. H. (2002). Framing Europe: Television News and European Integration. Amsterdam: Aksant Academic Publishers. De Vreese, C. H. Semetko, H. A. (2004). Political Campaigning in Referendums: Framing the Referendum Issue. Abingdon: Routledge. Entman, R.M. (1993) Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. European Commission (2009). Special Eurobarometer 322 / Wave 72.1 Glynn, C.J. Jeong, I. (2003). Public Opinion and the Media (pp. 631-640). In Encyclopaedia of International Media and Communications, Volume 3. Holbert, R., Garrett, R. Gleason L. (2010). A New Era of Minimal Effects? A Response to Bennett and Iyengar. Journal of Communication, 60(1), 15-34. Iyengar, S. (1987). Television News and citizens Explanations of National Affairs. American Political Science Review, 81, 815-831. Iyengar, S. (1991). Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Matthes, J. Kohring, M. (2008). The Content Analysis of Media Frames: Toward Improving Reliability and Validity. Journal of Communication, 58, 258-279 Nickels, H.C. (2005). Framing the Refugee and Asylum Question in Luxembourg: An Interactive Approach to Framing Theory. Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Amsterdam School of Communications Research. Perse, E. M. (2001). Media Effects and Society. Mahvah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Scheufele, D.A. (1999). Framing as Theory of Media Effects. Journal of Communication (Winter), 103-122. Scheufele, D.A. (2000). Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing Revisited: Another Look at Cognitive Effects of Political Communication. Mass Communication and Society, 3(23), 297-316. Semetko, H. A. Valkenburg, P.M. (2000). Framing European Politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News. Journal of Communication, Spring, 93-109. Schreurs, M.A. Tiberghien, Y. (2007). Multi-Level Reinforcement: Explaining European Union Leadership in Climate Change Mitigation. Global Environmental Politics, 7(4), 19-46. Vliegenthart, R., Schuck, A., Boomgaarden, H. de Vreese, C.H. (2008). News Coverage and Support for European Integration. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 20(4), 415-439. Valkenburg, P., Semetko, H. de Vreese, C.H. (1999). The Effects of News Frames on Readers Thoughts and Recall. Communication Research, 26(5), 550-565.

Yum Brands

Porters 5 Forces Model is a valuable tool in evaluating the condition of the Yum! Brands China Division and the fast-food industry that Yum Brands is actively dominating. While there is much competition in China in the food industry, it is undeniable that with the CEO’s guidance, Sam Su, the growth that they have accomplished over the years is exponential. This growth is due to the fact that Su looks at the bigger picture, imaging what he wants the company to be like in five to ten years, and making that dream happen immediately.Porter shaped this strategy to give a thorough analysis of the condition of any given industry and determine the feasibility of entering, but also to determine the level of competition being dealt with by current established participants in the industry in order to reposition themselves for further growth and development. Thus, Porter gives the 5 Basic Competitive Forces and suggests analyzing each one in the scope of the industry. 1. Barriers to Entry In China’s fast-food industry, largely dominated by Yum! Brands, the barriers to entry are high due to several key factors. First, a company trying to break into the Yum!Brands market must compete with their restaurants, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, which have a combined total of over 3600 stores in their market. Economies of scale come into play because most fast-food companies have the capital and production abilities to produce their product and additional products for much cheaper than a beginning fast-food restaurant that is entering into the market. A major factor in the Yum! Brands China Division and the fast-food industry in China is now differentiation and the altering of the product is order to suit the Chinese people’s tastes rather than American’s tastes.The restaurants in the market are attempting to find new ways to appeal to consumers without drifting away from their key products who have brought them lots of success. For example , compared to Americans, Chinese people like spicier things and a more variety of things, so Yum! Brands decided to extend each menu and alter recipes to fit this requirement. The recent, rapid growth of the fast-food industry in China is a good area of focus for existing American fast-food companies wanting to expand their business, but the product must be easily altered to catch the Chinese people’s likes and to have resistance to competing restaurants.Another barrier to entry could potentially branch from the government to control health standards. Companies must invest in research and development to determine ways to address health concerns and tabulate a healthier product. Ultimately, Yum! Brands in China have dominated the market share and are making it difficult for new entrant to expect a profitable gain upon entry. However, in order for Yum! Brands to continue their success steady innovating and investing need to be accomplished in order to stay ahead in the industry . 2. RivalryIn this industry, the competition is rigorous and several large companies hold majority of the market. The barriers to entry are very easy, which in turn means many competitors. Yum! Brands main competitors are McDonald’s Corp, Burger King Holdings, Subway, Dairy Queen, Starbucks, and Papa John’s Intl (PIZZA). Though there may be many competitors, economies of scale can cause smaller competitors to get crowded out or bought out by a larger company. Yum! Brands have to continually be competitive and shift their strategy in response to other companies’ new ideas and business strategies.Yum! Brand’s restaurants had to develop more menu specific items and a wider variety to tap into the Chinese food market. This also allowed them to stay one step ahead of competitors such as McDonald’s. In 1987, Yum! Brands opened the first KFC in Beijing and since then, have built the largest restaurant company in mainland China due to the large population growth. It is a costly market to enter and once in it, a company needs to realize at least their fixed costs before exiting, making Yum! Brands’ restaurants even more dominate in the market. Yum Brands Porters 5 Forces Model is a valuable tool in evaluating the condition of the Yum! Brands China Division and the fast-food industry that Yum Brands is actively dominating. While there is much competition in China in the food industry, it is undeniable that with the CEO’s guidance, Sam Su, the growth that they have accomplished over the years is exponential. This growth is due to the fact that Su looks at the bigger picture, imaging what he wants the company to be like in five to ten years, and making that dream happen immediately.Porter shaped this strategy to give a thorough analysis of the condition of any given industry and determine the feasibility of entering, but also to determine the level of competition being dealt with by current established participants in the industry in order to reposition themselves for further growth and development. Thus, Porter gives the 5 Basic Competitive Forces and suggests analyzing each one in the scope of the industry. 1. Barriers to Entry In China’s fast-food industry, largely dominated by Yum! Brands, the barriers to entry are high due to several key factors. First, a company trying to break into the Yum!Brands market must compete with their restaurants, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, which have a combined total of over 3600 stores in their market. Economies of scale come into play because most fast-food companies have the capital and production abilities to produce their product and additional products for much cheaper than a beginning fast-food restaurant that is entering into the market. A major factor in the Yum! Brands China Division and the fast-food industry in China is now differentiation and the altering of the product is order to suit the Chinese people’s tastes rather than American’s tastes.The restaurants in the market are attempting to find new ways to appeal to consumers without drifting away from their key products who have brought them lots of success. For example , compared to Americans, Chinese people like spicier things and a more variety of things, so Yum! Brands decided to extend each menu and alter recipes to fit this requirement. The recent, rapid growth of the fast-food industry in China is a good area of focus for existing American fast-food companies wanting to expand their business, but the product must be easily altered to catch the Chinese people’s likes and to have resistance to competing restaurants.Another barrier to entry could potentially branch from the government to control health standards. Companies must invest in research and development to determine ways to address health concerns and tabulate a healthier product. Ultimately, Yum! Brands in China have dominated the market share and are making it difficult for new entrant to expect a profitable gain upon entry. However, in order for Yum! Brands to continue their success steady innovating and investing need to be accomplished in order to stay ahead in the industry . 2. RivalryIn this industry, the competition is rigorous and several large companies hold majority of the market. The barriers to entry are very easy, which in turn means many competitors. Yum! Brands main competitors are McDonald’s Corp, Burger King Holdings, Subway, Dairy Queen, Starbucks, and Papa John’s Intl (PIZZA). Though there may be many competitors, economies of scale can cause smaller competitors to get crowded out or bought out by a larger company. Yum! Brands have to continually be competitive and shift their strategy in response to other companies’ new ideas and business strategies.Yum! Brand’s restaurants had to develop more menu specific items and a wider variety to tap into the Chinese food market. This also allowed them to stay one step ahead of competitors such as McDonald’s. In 1987, Yum! Brands opened the first KFC in Beijing and since then, have built the largest restaurant company in mainland China due to the large population growth. It is a costly market to enter and once in it, a company needs to realize at least their fixed costs before exiting, making Yum! Brands’ restaurants even more dominate in the market.

Industrial Grinders Essay

With the introduction of less costly plastic rings by company, Henri Poulenc, Industrial Grinders is faced with a decision of a total changeover from steel rings to plastic rings for their machines that would also fit similar machines manufactured by other companies. Henri Poulenc has introduced the less expensive plastic rings in a small market affecting 10% of Industrial Grinders’ sales . Industrial Grinders believes the market will eventually change-over to all plastic rings. Industrial Grinders must decide a timeline for changing production. It is estimated that production could begin by mid-September. With raw steel and steel rings already in inventory, IG must sell-off existing inventory before changing total production to all plastic rings. a. Plastic Rings versus Steel Rings Steel rings last approximately 2 months Plastic rings last approximately 8 months 100 steel rings cost $263.85 to produce 100 plastic rings cost $66.60 to produce At a weekly profit/Loss, Net income for 690 steel units would be $390.00 At a weekly profit/Loss, Net income for 172.5 plastic units would be $437.80 If sales continue at 690 units per week from May to mid-September, 10,350  units will have been sold, leaving 15,100 steel rings in inventory at a cost value of $39,713. This would require approximately 22 more weeks of sales to deplete inventory. As steel rings will last for two months, the sale of existing steel rings will have a faster turn- around time for continued depletion of stock. Knowing that Henri Poulenc is affecting sales in only a small portion of Industrial Grinders’ territory, retooling for plastics should also begin while steel rings are being phased out. Industrial Grinders can continue to charge the same amount, or more, for its plastic rings, as Henry Poulenc has set the standard in pricing. During the upcoming slack period, the company will employ workers at 70% of regular wages to finish all steel production, while full-time staff completes retooling on available machines. Examine alternative theories, assumptions and ideas: a. Rings account for a substantial portion of Industrial Grinder’s revenue. b. Plastic rings, sold by Henry Poulenc, are sold for at least the same amount as Industrial Grinder’s steel rings. c. Only 10% of Industrial Grinder’s market is affected by Henry Poulenc. d. Henry Poulenc is the only company producing plastic rings. e. Shipping weight for plastic rings is less than steel rings. f. As plastic ring use spreads, the customer will demand the longer lasting plastic ring. g. Steel ring production will be phased out due to market demand for plastic rings. As the future production of rings within the industry will undoubtedly change from steel to plastic, Industrial Grinders must take swift action to keep up with industry changes and customer needs – jumping ahead of further competition. However, taking into consideration the 8 month life of plastic rings and their lower production cost as opposed to the 2 month life of steel rings at a higher production cost, sales must increase to sustain the higher profit margin of plastic rings. Determine the appropriate actions, alternatives or conclusions for the case: Industrial Grinders should change to plastic ring production. As plastic rings have been introduced by competitor, Henry Poulenc, rings with a longer life will be in increasing demand by customers. Industrial Grinders must forge ahead and heavily market the plastic rings as a better product for their customers. The plastic rings are less expensive to make, less costly to ship but have a longer life on machines. Although some revenue will be lost due to the longer life of plastic, Industrial Grinders will recoup losses with added sales. 2. Inventory Analyzing the cause of the problem or situation A changeover to plastic rings poses a problem for Industrial Grinders. Its inventory of special steel and inventory of produced steel rings must be dealt with before or during the production of plastic rings. a. Raw Steel The raw steel inventory cost value is $26,444. The steel cannot be sold to another party and will have to be used or counted as a loss to the company. b. Steel Rings The steel ring inventory cost value is $67,149. These rings could be sold within the existing market.The total cost of raw steel and steel rings inventory exceeds $93,000.00. The decision whether to use all raw steel and sell all existing steel rings becomes a major concern within Industrial Grinder’s management. Examine alternative theories, assumptions and ideas: a. Industrial Grinders wants to change from steel rings to more cost effective plastic rings. b. Management does not want to absorb the cost of unused inventory. c. Not all management agrees on use of raw steel inventory. d. The introduction of plastic rings will spread throughout the industry. e. Industrial Grinders could produce steel rings while retooling some machines for plastic production. f. Industrial Grinders could sell existing steel rings and take a loss on raw steel. Determine the appropriate actions, alternatives or conclusions for the case: Industrial Grinders is faced with a financial decision regarding disposition  of current inventory. Believing that the future lies with the more cost effective plastic rings, IG should continue to sell existing steel ring inventory while producing further steel rings, using the raw steel inventory on hand. The plant down time could use excess labor to deplete the raw steel. During this period, retooling could also occur and plastic ring production would begin. The machining changeover would be possible with a minimal cost of $1800.With Henry Poulenc affecting only 10% of IG sales, Industrial Grinders should deplete stock and introduce plastic rings. 3. Management Concerns Analyzing the cause or problem of the situation: Within management, it is agreed that plastic rings should be produced. However, the disposition of inventory on hand is not agreed upon between sales management / engineering and plant management/ parent company management. a. Sales Manager, Harry Greiner, believes inventory could be counted as a loss. Plastic production should begin and steel rings should no longer be sold. Selling both steel and plastic would be cause for market retaliation. b. Development Engineer , Anders Ericsson, is concerned about inventory not being depleted by plastic ring production in September. c. German Plant General Manager, Lawrence Bridgeman, is concerned about inventory. He believes, at the onset, that plastic rings should only be sold in markets affected by Henry Poulenc. d. Parent Company Head, Hein Van Boetzalaer, agrees to plastic rings but states that IG must use inventory. Examine alternative theories, assumptions and ideas: a. All but the Sales Manager are concerned about inventory cost. b. Selling plastic rings within some markets may cause steel ring sales to slump when other customers learn of the plastic rings and their longer life. c. The raw inventory could be in production during plant down time. d. The existing steel rings could be sold while the raw steel could be accepted as a loss. e. Henry Poulenc is the only company producing plastic rings. f. IG has time within the industry to sell all existing inventory while retooling for immediate production of plastic rings. Determine the appropriate actions, alternatives or conclusions for the case: Industrial Grinders upper management should implement the course of using and selling the existing inventory while retooling for plastic rings. Although sales and engineering opinions are taken into account, the idea of taking a loss for inventory on hand is unacceptable in IG’s current position. Henry Poulenc only affects 10% of IG’s current market. Upper management must make the decision on the company’s future operations. It is not proven that IG’s total market must immediately receive plastic rings. Depleting inventory, while offering plastic rings in the affected market , is an acceptable alternative. Depleting inventory first, then changing to all plastic rings is also an acceptable alternative. However, the parent company must decide the fate of inventory and future plastic production.

Justifiable Vengeance Is La mere Savage act of burning four Prussian soldiers a first degree murder

Justifiable Vengeance Is La mere Savage act of burning four Prussian soldiers a first degree murder Justifiable Vengeance Justice is the problem which bothers people for many years. Does justice exist or people can punish those who deserve it, in their opinion? The problem is rather contestable and there is no specific opinion about it as in case of justice absence justifiable vengeance is a correct action which should be justified no matter which outcome of the revenge is. Using the example of Victoire Simon, La Savage and basing the discussion on Bentham’s aspects the problem of justifiable vengeance is going to be considered.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Justifiable Vengeance? Is La mere Savage act of burning four Prussian soldiers a first degree murder? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In â€Å"Mother Savage†, the author of the book Maupassant determines the plight of the woman Victoire Simon, La Savage. Her son who is 33 years old enlists in a war against the Prussians. Sometimes later, the Pr ussians arrive at Victoire’s country. The Prussian force which previously was at war with the French is integrated into the French society. The four Prussian soldiers though at war with the French, treat the old woman kindly and gently. They do all the house hold chores sparing the old woman the fatigue that is brought by house work. La Mere Savage only prepares their soup in most cases according to the eye witnesses. The old woman acknowledges none of these as she only thinks of her son who is at war. One morning, La mere savage receives news of her son’s death. This is the ultimate point in which she decides to vent her anger on the four Prussian soldiers. She tricks them into getting into a hay trap. She then sets the hay trap on fire when they are deeply asleep killing the four. Neither she neither regrets nor denies committing the murder. Kennedy, Dorothy and Sylvia in their critical analysis state that a woman seems to have derived a certain kind of satisfaction in avenging her son’s death (44). Bentham starts the discussion in his essay with the statement that pain and pleasure are two central issues for identifying whether the action is moral or not. Right actions should refer more to pleasure than to pain, and vice versa, the actions which are wrong tend to create more pain than pleasure. According to Bentham, four aspects of will (justice) exist, command, prohibition, non-command and non-prohibition. Bentham is sure that punishment is not a matter of intuition but rather a consequence of proven acts of wrong deeds (67). It is also imperative to consider the extent of the wrong deed and punish it accordingly without favoring the condition of an individual’s social status. Dwelling upon Bentham’s four aspects, Parekh in his work says that command and prohibition are rather understood issues, while non-command and non-prohibition may confuse (273). Explaining the non-prohibition aspect, the following should be sated. E verything what is not prohibited directly is permitted, thus one is allowed to act. The non-command Bentham’s aspect prohibits the action until it is not allowed.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mary’s case according to the Prussians may be considered as an equivalent to first degree murder and may be not. The question in focus is whether La Mere Savage is guilty of first degree murder or not. Corbett answers the issue by considering the appeal to the logos in his research of Bentham’s principles (35). Using this Bentham’s aspect a woman can be justified as she acted in accordance with the war laws. However, on the other hand, soldiers treated a woman kindly and her action may be considered as betrayal and first degree murder. In conclusion, therefore, application of logic is a sure way of determining truth. It is also to a large exten t determined by the parties mandated to administer judgment. Bentham, Jeremy. Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. New York: Prometheus Books, 1988. Print. Corbett, Edward P. J. Classical rhetoric for the modern student. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. Print. Kennedy, Jim, Dorothy, Mickle, and A. Holladay Slyvia. The Bedford guide for college writers. New York: Bedford/St. Martins, 2001. Print. Maupassant, Guy de. Mother Savage. Literature: A Pocket Anthology. 4th ed. New York: Penguin, 2009. Print. Parekh, Bhikhu C. Jeremy Bentham: critical assessments. London: Routledge, 1993. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Justifiable Vengeance? Is La mere Savage act of burning four Prussian soldiers a first degree murder? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Oral Cancer

Oral Cancer Free Online Research Papers Historically, most of the patients are above 40 years of age at the time of discovery of oral cancer. Aging is an important factor because the immunity diminishes with age as well as there are increased chances for the cells turning from benign to malignant tumor cells. This is further supported by the fact released recently in 2008 which says that oral cancer exists even among the non smokers who are below 50 years of age. Predominantly the cause for oral cancer is attributed to the factors like the use of tobacco, consumption of alcohol and infection by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Among all these different causes, tobacco is considered to be the primary culprit although it takes a long time to get precipitated into an oral cancer. Especially the people who are above 50 years of age are widely affected and more than 75% of those people are constant users of tobacco. Tobacco in combination with alcohol is even more harmful and the chances are 15 times more for oral cancer if a person is addictive to both tobacco and alcohol. Recent reports also suggest that the demographics are changing rapidly as the incidence of oral cancer caused by viral infections is increasing day by day. The factors for the cause of oral cancer can be grouped as physical factors, chemical factors and biological factors. Alcohol and tobacco comes under chemical factors. Ultraviolet (UV) rays and x-rays are the major physical factors responsible for causing oral cancer. UV rays cause lip or skin cancers. Radiographs in x-rays can cause various types of neck or head cancers. Now days, there is more awareness towards physical factors and the percentage of people getting affected by this has drastically reduced over the past few decades. Biological factors indicate the fungi and the viruses which has a major link towards causing oral cancer. Human Papilloma Virus16 which spreads through sexual transmission causes oral cancers in tonsils, base of tongue, oropharnyx and tonsillar crypt. About 40 million people from America are found to be infected by this virus. There are nearly 120 strains of Human papilloma virus. Among them HPV16 is found to be more harmful and a potential cancer causing agent. HPV16 also causes cervical cancer, cancer in penis and anus. This virus is suspected to spread even more in the near future because of the increase in sexual intercourse among younger generation in the last 10 to 15 years. There are also other minor factors which can cause oral cancer like lichen planus (a disease that causes inflammation of tissues in the oral cavity), improper diet with less vegetables and fruits etc. The risk for oral cancer due to these factors is very marginal and it is less likely that it contributes to the development of cancer. Different types of oral cancer Oral tumors can develop in different areas of the mouth and throat viz., oral cavity, oropharynx (which means the back of the mouth where it has a connection with the throat) etc. The tumors can be either Benign (non-cancerous) or cancerous. Sometimes it can also be precancerous (a condition where it may become cancerous). What are benign tumors? Benign (non-cancerous) tumors are of many forms and can appear in the oral cavity, oropharynx or other sites in/on the body. They are as follows: condyloma acuminatum (also called as genital warts)-a small, moist, red or pink growth which grows alone or in cauliflower-like clusters. eosinophilic granuloma- a benign tumor that often affects both children and adolescents. It is commonly found in the lungs or a bone. fibroma-a benign tumor which consists of fibrous connective tissues. keratoacanthoma-a fast-growing, flesh-colored bump on the skin which has a keratin plug in the center (keratin is a tough substance and is the main component on the external layer of skin, nails and hair). leiomyoma-a tumor of the smooth muscle. It is normally found in the small intestine, esophagus, uterus, or stomach. lipoma-a tumor that is made up of mature fat cells neurofibroma-a fibrous tumor which consists of the nerve tissue. odontogenic tumors- tumors in the jaw osteochondroma-a tumor that is made up of cartilage and bone. papilloma- a tumor that resembles like a wart, which grows on the epithelium (the cells that actually forms the skin and mucous membranes) pyogenic granuloma-a round, small bump which often has an ulcerated surface. rhabdomyoma-a striated-muscle tumor which usually appears on the pharynx, tongue, uterus, heart or vagina. Schwannoma-a single tumor which grows in the neurilemma (Schwanns sheath) of nerves. verruca form xanthoma- wart-shaped tumors The behavior of the benign tumors is quite unpredictable as some of them do not recur, some needs to be removed surgically and some of them disappear on their own. It is always better to consult a physician for diagnosis. What oral conditions may be precancerous? There are 2 conditions in the mouth which can actually be the precursors to Oral cancer. Leukoplakia characterized by a white colored patch that develops inside the throat or mouth. Erythroplakia characterized by a red colored raised patch which develops inside the mouth. This is often caused by smoking or chewing tobacco. Biopsy is used to determine whether precancerous cells (dysplasia) or cancer cells exists in any of the above 2 conditions. This can be treated by the use of retinoids – (medications that are related to vitamin A) to reduce, eliminate and/or prevent dysplasia from forming. What are malignant oral tumors? Among the several types of malignant oral cancers, most of them are squamous cell carcinoma. squamous cell carcinoma-Also called as squamous cell cancer, that originates in the squamous cell layer in the lining of the oral cavity and/or oropharynx. In the initial stages, this cancer is present only in the lining layer of cells (called carcinoma in situ). During spreading beyond the lining, it is called as invasive squamous cell cancer. Verrucous carcinoma-Though it is considered as a type of squamous cell carcinoma, Verrucous carcinoma rarely spreads to distant sites or metastasizes. This low-grade cancer comprises less than 5 percent of all diagnosed oral cancers. But it can spread into the surrounding tissues deeply, which may result in the surgical removal of a wide margin of the tissue. minor salivary gland cancers-The lining of the oropharynx and oral cavity contains numerous salivary glands. Cancer may also originate from the salivary gland although it is rare. Treatment for this type of cancer depends on the type, location and the extent of spreading. Oral Cancer: Prevention and Detection It is a fact that the oral cancer patients are subject to less impairment or deformity when the cancer is diagnosed at a very early stage. The preventive measures can be classified into two namely 1.Primary prevention: Reduction of exposure to alcohol, tobacco and betel quid. This lowers the occurrence of oral cancer to a greater extent. 2.Secondary prevention: Screening for early diagnosis of oral cancer. The screening may be of any form. Biopsy and clinical examination helps in early diagnosis of oral cancer either premalignant or early. Screening serves its best when the high-risk sites like floor of the mouth, soft palate, ventrolateral surface of the tongue, etc are inspected. Owing to the high cost of screening the entire population, initially the high-risk groups, especially people over the age of 40, alcoholics and smokers. It is essential for all people to have a visual oral cancer check-up every year and get a report stating that no suspicious oral lesions are found. OraTest along with toluidine blue is mostly used as an accessory while examining soft tissue in order to emphasize asymptomatic lesions if any present. Exfoliative cytology helps in detection of early oral cancer. This rapid, non-invasive procedure can easily be conducted by an inexperienced dental personnel. Hence it is very helpful in screening programs involving the entire populations. Oral CDx brush biopsy technique is recently found to be very efficient in diagnosing cancerous as well as precancerous lesions. To keep a control on the development of secondary tumors, frequent examinations of not only the patient but also the family members of the patient are highly recommended owing to the risk exposure. Irrespective of the screening method used, a biopsy is essential to confirm a negative result. It is necessary for the people to be aware of the importance of a regular dental check-up for the early detection of any warning signs and to understand the risks of consumption of alcohol and tobacco. Tumor suppressor gene mutations and oncogene can be better indicators. It is to be understood that any disease can be treated in a better manner in case it is detected early. There are some steps suggested to be followed while examining mouth. Pay attention to any white or red patches in the mouth, lumps or thickened skin or tissue or gums, unhealed sore (does not heal for more than 2 weeks), bleeding sore, etc. Observe if there is a sore throat, hoarseness persistently or if you find it difficult to maneuver jaw while swallowing or chewing. Consult your dentist immediately in case you find something odd about the following oRemoval of any dental products oObserving and feeling the parts like lips, gums, etc oTest the roof of the mouth, inside of cheeks, back gums, tongue, etc oPresence of enlarged lymph nodes under jaw or in neck portion. Monthly dental checkups enable early detection and helps in prevention of oral cancer. Treatment of Oral Cancer Fear and frustrations often builds its phantoms which are sometimes more fearsome than reality itself. This holds true for cancer patients too. It is often unavoidable to feel stressed, frustrated or shocked when a person is diagnosed with cancer. But a patient has to keep his/her calm and should be ready to ask the doctor any of questions he/she has and get it clarified. It is better to take notes or record the voice of the doctor when the queries are answered. This can be kept for reference so that the patient understands about the disease and the treatment. It is often recommended that the patient meets the doctor along with a friend or a family member to take notes or discuss and more importantly for moral support. A patient can approach for specialists in Chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery like otolaryngologists (special doctors for nose, throat and ear), radiation oncologists, oral surgeons and plastic surgeons. There are also professionals who work on health care like speech pathologist, mental health counselor, dentist and nutritionist. Getting a Second Opinion Sometimes the patient may opt for second opinion or even the doctor may suggest for it. There are a lot of ways in which a patient can find specialists/doctors for getting the second opinion. They are as follows: Most often the doctor knows about the specialists for a particular disease. The doctor might refer the patient to those specialists. The patient can contact Cancer Information Service to get information on the treatment centers that can be reached soon. Hospitals, medical colleges or schools and other health information centers can provide information on the specialists in the located area. The NCI website provides valuable information on finding specialists or doctors and the corresponding treatment centers and hospitals. The American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) maintains a directory which has an exhaustive list of medical specialists. Almost all the public libraries have this directory. The information is also available in the website of ABMS. The website of ADA or American Dental Association has enough information the dentists who are specialized for treatment of oral cancer and the location of their corresponding medical centers. Getting Prepared for Treatment The type of treatment chosen for a patient generally depends on many factors like the tumor size, the origin of development of cancer cells, the extent to which the cancer has spread and the general health of the patient. It is important for the patient to discuss the treatment with the doctor and get clarified on impact of treatment to normal activities like talking, swallowing etc. A patient may have an number of questions before treatment. Therefore the doctor must have a discussion with the patient based on his/her personal needs and values. Bibliography 1.Medicinenet.Inc. 2009. Oral Cancer. Available at medicinenet.com/oral_cancer/article.htm (Retrieved Jan 10, 2010) 2.Oral Cancer Foundation. 2009. Oral Cancer Facts. Available at oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/ (Retrieved Jan 12, 2010) Research Papers on Oral CancerGenetic EngineeringAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Incorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Project Managment Office SystemInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OneThe Spring and AutumnAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Comparing Susan Glaspells Play Trifles with her Short Story A Jury of Essay

Comparing Susan Glaspells Play Trifles with her Short Story A Jury of - Essay Example The sense of male authority more effectively forms the hallmark of the story, which is more than can be said about Trifles if acting in the play is left out of the question and just text is scrutinized. Angel appears to be deeply fascinated with the short story version of Trifles in her article. She claims that compared to the play, the story focuses on women’s perspective who were shunned from the legal system. These were women who had judgment skills far superior to any men around, but were not given credit for that because it was men and not women who made the law, who were judges, and who investigated murder trials. The women in the story managed to see beneath the surface and reached different legal conclusions than men did. Women reached correct conclusions because of their different experiences and values than men and this difference is very superiorly explicated in the short story version of the play. It is suggested by Ben-Zvi in her article that compared to Trifles, Glaspell goes further in her short story to highlight patriarchal power and its implications on women. Trifles does not as brilliantly and as deeply analyzes the awkwardness of Mr. Hale’s character as the â€Å"Jury† does. In the start of the short story, the authoress dedicates many words to explaining how easily Mr. Hale is intimidated by fellow men like the County Attorney. However, when it comes to women of the house, he effortlessly undermines their perceptions of judgment. It is Mr. Hale and not the women of Mr. Wright’s house who gets to detail the murder report because of his gender. He directly taunts the women refusing to acknowledge that they could possibly have any clue about murder. Such examples of patriarchal power and female marginalization are more efficiently detailed in the Jury. In her article, Mael explains that just as the short story

Mythical man-months Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mythical man-months - Essay Example One of the first problems that existed previously was that any activity was taken up with a sense of over-confident optimism with the belief that nothing could go wrong at all. But, even the biggest of corporations and the most intelligent of people make mistakes. Therefore, the industry experts have devised new techniques for debugging any errors that are encountered. Any occurrence of an error is considered as a risk and under such a scenario, Risk mitigation and monitoring management techniques (RMMM) are adopted. Under this approach, all possible risks that may arise in the development of the application are identified and they are prioritized according to their impact and efforts are made to eliminate them beforehand or whenever they are encountered. The second deficiency is with estimation of the Cost and effort. Though, the man-month is considered to be a fallacious concept, it is still used in estimation, with the only change being that industry has come up with certain concrete mathematical formulas under different techniques by which the man-months can be estimated and the effort can be calculated. One major observation in these modern techniques has been that the formulas for these methods has been devised using historical data from previous projects that have been taken up by the industry. Thus, the only limitation in this aspect is that any project may not conform to stay with the historical limits and may go out of range at any time. Thus, it is extremely important to devise concrete techniques even today.Earlier, scheduling the testing stage for any Software project was the most mismanaged aspect and the industry was not particularly concerned about it. But, today's software products are very specific and in order to s atisfy the customer, products are examined in minute detail. For this, the industry uses the concepts of '' and '' testing that uses the approach of enabling the user to assess the product and help the maintenance team to unearth all underlying errors. Even prior to this stage, the Spiral Model of Software development, which is popular in the industry today, is of a cyclic nature, which uses the concept of evolutionary prototyping and constant customer feedback, that minimizes the chances of any errors, thereby ultimately reducing the burden on the testing team.Today, Large software systems are developed in a planned and systematic manner, which eliminates yesteryear problems of understandability and clarity. Under this approach, complex tasks are broken down into simpler ones and each simple task (that is known as a module) is assigned to a team, wherein each individual solution is then assimilated through proper & preplanned interfaces that connect every individual module hierarch ically. Present software is developed in such a manner that there is always scope for adding enhancements and additional features to it. This is done under the concept of adaptive maintenance. The interesting thing with present SW engineering methodologies has been that such provisions for all possible add-ons are predetermined at the planning stage itself, with a major emphasis on reusability and platform independence.A major difference SW engineering and any other form engineering say in the construction domain is that analysis is much more complex, with some