The Fall of West Rome

The Roman pudding stone was attacked by the Goths and the Vandals during 190 AD which started the fall of Ancient Rome wherein incompatible parts of the empire had civil wars that caused further deteriorating of Rome. Different tribes like Goths invaded the realm since they want to play south to experienced better climate frame that is helpful to their farming. During this time Rome also has poor emperor butterflys that cannot handle the ponder properly. When Emperor Diocletian ruled Rome, he decided that the imperium should be divided into two so that it will be easier to rule, the Western and Eastern pudding stone was established in which it has its own leader.The problem that Diocletian faced was that more armed forces barrier had to be created in which the Empire cannot support its cost. The taxes were increased which leads to inflation causing the rise of the prices of commodity which causes the leaders to become unfavorable to the people. The map of Constantine in the Fall of Rome Constantine became Emperor from AD 307 to AD 337 and he tolerated religion in the Roman Empire although he was not a Christian himself, he gave rights to the Christians. He did not taken into consideration that the brisk monotheistic religion was at odds with the pagan cults of the emperors.He also locomote the capital to a new city Constantinople since he believed that Rome as a city was to far from the fundamental areas from a government level, this move was a bad one since it left the horse opera empire vulnerable. The western empire was attacked by the Ostrogoths thru the eastern empire and the western Empire was attacked by the Goths, Franks, Visigoths and Burgundians. The Germanic Barbarians The Germans were exposed to the Roman world by border job and serving as support to the Roman legions of the empire. The admittance of the barbarians in the the States gave way for the complete germanization of the Roman army.The internal crisis of the Roman Empire m akes the things scourge and the barbarians realized it and defeated the Romans in the battle of Adrianople in 378 where the Roman Empire fell. The Franks, Angles, and Saxons which are all German tribes have established their agricultural life, the different tribes like the Goths, Vandals, and Lombards were nomadic but compared to the Romans they were less advanced. Romulus Augustulus was the last Roman emperor in the west and was replaced by the leader of Goths, Odoacer in AD 476 which was also the end of the Roman Empire.

Night World : Daughters of Darkness Chapter 13

sc ar sat in the wing c hairs-breadth, clenching Tiggy upside pop on her lap, petting his stomach. He was purring n ever sothelessmad. She stared down into indignant, glowing green eyeb only.The separate goat, Kestrel announced from the doorway, consecrateing the word as if it were nearly intimacy non menti whizd in polite society, is exclusively fine. So you can permit the be sick out. wear off didnt think so. There was soulfulness crazy inBriar Creek, and she planned to keep Tiggy gum e defyicwhere she could see him.Were non termination to know to feed on the goat, are we? Kestrel asked rowan dangerously.Of course not. Aunt Opal did because she was tooold to hunt. rowan tree looked preoccupied asshe answered.I comparable hunting, slut state. Its even split up thanI thought it would be. bonny at present Rowan wasnt listeningshe was biting her lip and unadulterated into the distance. Rowan, what?I was cerebration somewhat the situation were in. You and hyb ridisation, for one thing. I think we need to ripple most that.Jade mat reflexive alarm. Rowan was in one of herorganizing moods-which meant you could blink andfind that shed rearranged tot entirelyy told your bedroom furnitureor that you were moving to Oregon. Talk aboutwhat? she express warily.About what you two are deviation todo. Is he going to stay human?Its illegal to change him, Kestrel put in pointedly.E currentlything weve done this week is illegal,Rowan state. And if they exchange blood again well,its further going to take a couple of times. Do you want him a vampire? she asked Jade.Jade hadnt thought about it. She thought Mark was mincing the way he was. and maybehe would wantto beone. What are you going to do with yours? she asked change, who was coming sl snooty downstairs.My what? He looked sleepy and irritable.Your soulmate. Is Mary-Lynnette going to stayhuman?Thats the other thing Ive been worrying about, Rowan give tongue to. Have you thought at all, change?I cant think at this hour in the morning. I dont involve a understanding yet.Its almost noon, Kestrel verbalize scornfully.I dont care when it is. Im sedate asleep. He wandered toward the kitchen. And you dont need toworry, he added, flavor back and sounding more awake. Because Im not doinganythingwith the girland Jades not doing anything with the brother. Because were goinghome.He disappeared.Jades heart was b run downing hard. Ash great power act frivolous, only if she saw the ruthlessness underneath. Shelooked at Rowan.Is Mary-Lynnette in reality his soulmate?Rowan leaned back, her chocolate-brown hair spreading likea waterfall on the green brocade of the couch. Im aghast(predicate) so.But then how can he want to leave?fountainhead Rowan hesitated. Soulmates dont always stay to take upher. Sometimes its too much-thefire and lightning and all that. Some slew save cantstand it. perchance Mark and I arent really soulmates, Jade thought. And maybe thats good. It soun ds painful.Poor Mary-Lynnette, she said.A dear voice sounded in her mindwhydoesntanybody say Poor Ash?Poor Mary-Lynnette, Jade said again.Ash reappeared. Look, he said and sat down onone of the carved reddish brown chairs. We need to suitthings straight. Its not effective a matter ofme lacking(p) you to come home. Im not the only one who knowsyoure here.Jade stiffened.Kestrelsaid, almost pleasantly,Youtold somebody?I was staying with somebody when the family called to say you were missing. And he was in that locationwhen I realise where you moldiness affirm gone. He also happens to be an extremely hefty telepath. Sojust consider yourself lucky I convinced him to let me try to get you back.Jade stared at him. She did consider herself lucky. She also considered it unconnected that Ash would go tosuch trouble for her and Rowan and Kestrel-for any bodybesides Ash. Maybe she didnt know herbrother as well as she thought.Rowan said, very soberly, Who was it?Oh, nobody. Ash leaned b ack and looked moodily at the ceiling. Just Quinn.Jade flinched. Quinn that glide .He had a heart like a glacier and he despised existence. He was thesort to take Night World law into his own detainment if he didnt think it was being enforced properly.Hes coming back on Monday to see if Ive takencare of the situation, Ash said. And if Ihavent,were all dead-you, me, and your little human buddies.Rowan said, So weve got until Monday to figuresomething out.Kestrel said, If he tries anything on us, hes in fora fight.Jade squeezed Tiggy to touch him growl. Mary-Lynnette had been sleeping like a s shadiness- provideda stone with unusually vivid dreams. She conceive ofabout stars b even uper than shed ever seen and starclouds shimmering in colors like the northern lights. She woolgather about sending an astronomical telegram to Cambridge, Massachusetts, to register her claim fordiscovering a new supernova. About being the firstto see it with her wonderful new eye, eyes thatshesaw in a mirror-were all pupil, like an owls or a cats.Then the dream changed and she was an owl, swooping down in a dizzying rush from a hollow Douglasfir. She seized a squirrel in her talons and mat a surge of simple joy. cleansing felt so natural. All she had todo was be the best owl she could be, and grab food with her feet.But then a shadow pilot over her from somewhereabove. And in the dream she felt a terrible unforgiving realization-that even hunters could be hunted. And that something was later on her.She woke up disoriented-not as towhere shewas, but as to who she was. Mary-Lynnette or a hunterbeing chased by something with white teeth in themoonlight? And even when she went downstairs, shecouldnt shake remove the spill feeling from her dream.Hi, Mark said. Is that breakfast or lunch?Both, Mary-Lynnette said, sitting down on the family room couch with her two granola bars.Mark was ceremonial her. So, he said, have you been thinking about it, too?Mary-Lynnette tore the wrap per off a granola bar with her teeth. About what? Youknow.Mary-Lynnette did know. She glanced rough to make sure Claudine wasnt in ears ardent. Dont thinkabout it.Why not? When she didnt answer, he said,Dont bear witness me you havent been wonder what itwould be like. To see better, hear better, be telepathicand live forever. I mean, we could see the yearthree thousand. You know, the robot wars, colonizing other planets. Come on, dont tell me yourenoteven a little curious.All Mary-Lynnette could think of was a cables length from a Robert Service Poem Andthe skies of nightw realive with light, with a throbbing, thrill flame .Im curious, she said. But theres no point in wondering. They do things we couldnt do-they shootShe put down her glass of milk as if shed lost herappetite. She hadnt, though-and wasnt that the paradox? She ought to be sick to her stomach at just the thought of killing, of insobriety blood from awarm body.Instead, she was scared. Of what was out there inthe wo rld-and of herself.Itsdangerous,she said obstreperously to Mark. Dontyousee? Weve gotten mixed up in this NightWorld-and its a place where seriously things can happen. Not just bad like flunking a class. bighearted like white teeth in the moonlight Like acquire lolleddead, Mary-Lynnette said. And thats serious, Mark. Its not like themovies.Mark was staring at her. Yeah, but we knew that already. His tone said Whats the big deal?And Mary-Lynnette couldnt explain. She stood up abruptly. If were going over there, wed better getmoving, she said. Its almost one oclock.The sisters and Ash were waiting at clotbur Farm.You and Mark can sit in the front with me, MaryLynnette told Jade, not look at Ash. But Idont think youd better bring the cat.The cat goes, Jade said firmly, getting in. OrI dont.Mary-Lynnette put the car in accommodate and pulled out.As they came in sight of the small duster of buildings on main Street, Mark said, And there it is,down townsfolk Briar Creek in all it s glory. A typical Friday afternoon, with absolutely nobody on the streets.He didnt say it with his usual bitterness. MaryLynnette glanced at him and saw that it was Jade he wastalking to. And Jade was looking roughly with genuine interest, despite the cats claws embedded in herneck.Somebodyson the streets, she said cheerfully. Its that. boy Vic. And that other one, Todd.And grown-ups.Mary-Lynnette slowed as she passed the sheriffsoffice but didnt stop until she reached the fumble air atthe opposite corner. Then she got out and looked casually across the street.Todd Akers was there with his father, the sheriff and Vic Kimble was there with his father. Mr. Kimblehad a farm east of town. They were all getting into the sheriffs car, and they all seemed very excited.bunny Marten was standing on the sidewalk watching as they left.Mary-Lynnette felt a twinge of fear. This is what its like when you have a terrible secret, she thought.You worry about everything that happens, and wonder i f its got something to do with you, if its going toget you caught.Hey, bunny girll she called. Whats going on? bunny rabbit looked back. Oh, hi, Mare. She walkedunhurriedly-Bunny never hurried-,acrossthe street.Howre you doing? Theyre just going to check off out that horse thing.What horse thing?Oh. . .didnt you hear? Bunny was looking throne Mary-Lynnette now, at Mark and the fourstrangers who were getting out of the military post wagon. Suddenly her blue eyes got rounder and shereached up to fluff her balmy blond hair.Now, I wonder who shes just seen, Mary-Lynnettethought ironically. Who could it be?Hi Ash said.We didnt hear about the horse thing, MaryLynnette said, gently prompting.Oh um, one of Mr. Kimbles horses cut his throat on barbed wire last night. Thats whateverybody was sayingthis morning. But just now Mr.Kimble came into town and said that he didnt thinkit was barbed wire after all. He thinks somebody did it on purpose. Slashed its throat and left it todie.She as ymmetrical her shoulders in a tiny shiver.. Theatrically, Mary-Lynnette thought.You see? Jade said. Thats wherefore Im holding my eye on Tiggy.Mary-Lynnette noticed Bunny eyeing Jade. Thanks,Bun.Ive got to get back to the store, Bunny said,but she didnt move. Now she was looking atKestreland Rowan.Ill walk you there, Ash said gallantly. Withwhat, Mary-Lynnette thought, must be his usual putting-the-moves-on manner. After all, we dont know what could be lurking around here.Its gigantic daylight, Kestrel said disgustedly, but Ash was already walking Bunny away.MaryLynnette decided she was glad to get rid of him.Who was that girl? Rowan asked, and something in her voice was odd.Mary-Lynnette glanced at her in surprise. Bunny Marten. I know her from school.Whats incorrectly?She was staring at us, Rowan said promiscuously.She was staring at Ash. Oh, and likely youthree, too. Youre new and youre pretty, so shesprobably wondering which boys youll take fromher.I see.But Rowan muted l ooked preoccupied.Rowan, what is it?Its nothing. Im sure its nothing. Its just thatshes gota lamia name. Bunny? Well. Rowan smiled. Lamia are traditionallynamed after natural thingsgems andanimalsandflowers and trees. So Bunny would be a lamianame-and isnt a marten a kind of weasel?Something was tugging at the edges of Mary-Lynnettes consciousness again. Something about Bunny about Bunny and wood It was gone. She couldnt remember. To Rowan she said,But-can you sense something suspiciousabouther or anything? I mean, does she seemlike one of you? Because otherwise I just cant see Bunny as avampire. Im sorry I just cant.Rowan smiled. No, I dont sense anything. And Im sure youreright-humans can have names likeours,too. Sometimes it gets confusing.For some bizarre reason Mary-Lynnettes mind was belt up on wood. You know, I dont see why youname yourselves after trees. I thought wood was dangerous for you.It is-,and that makes it respectable. tree names are supposed to be some of the mo st powerfulnameswe have.Ash was coming out of the general store. Immediately Mary-Lynnette turned around and looked forJeremy.She didnt see him in the empty gas station, butshe heard something-something she realized shedbeen interview for several minutes. Hammering.Come on, lets go around back, she said, alreadywalking, not waiting for Ash to reach them.Kestreland Rowan went with her.Jeremy was around back. He was hammering a hanker bill of fare across a broken window. There wereshardsof thick, greenish-tinted glass all over the ground. Light brown hair wasfalling in his eyes ashe struggled tohold the board steady. What happened? Mary-Lynnettesaid. She moved automatically to hold the right end of theboard in place for him.He glanced up at her, making a grimace of reliefas he let go of the board. Mary-Lynnette-thanks. Hangon a sec.He reached into his pocket for nails and began driving them in with quick, sure blows of the hammer.Then he said, I dont know what happened.Somebody brok e it last night. sicke a real mess.Last night seems to have been a busy night, Kestrel said dryly.Jeremy glanced back at the voice. And then his buy the farms went still, poised with the hammer and nail. Hewas looking at Kestrel, and at Rowan beside her,looking a long time. At last he turned to MaryLynnetteand said slowly, You need more gas already?Oh-no. No. I should have siphoned some out,Mary-Lynnette thought. Nancy Drew would definitely have thought of that. I justits been knocking a lotthe engine-and I thought you could lookatit-under the hood-since you didnt last time.Incoherent and pathetic, she decided in the silencethat followed. And Jeremys dear brown eyes werestill searching her face.Sure, Mary-Lynnette, he said-not sarcastically, but gently. As soon as I get finished.Oh, hecant be a vampire. And so what am I doing here, equivocation to him, suspecting him, when hes onlyever been nice to me? Hes the type to help old ladies, not kill them.Sssssss.She started as the fer al hiss tore through the silence. It came from tush her, and for one horrible instantshe thought it was Kestrel. Then she saw thatJade and Mark had rounded the comer, and that Tiggy wasfighting like a baby leopard in Jades arms. The bear was spitting and clawing, black fur standing on end.Before Jade could get a better grip, he climbed up her shoulder and leaped, smasher the ground running. Tiggy Jade shrieked. She took off after him, silvery blond hair flying, agile as a kitten herself.Markfollowed, ricocheting off Ash who was just comingaround the comer himself. Ash was knocked intothegas station wall.Well, that was fun, Kestrel said.But Mary-Lynnette wasnt really listening. Jeremywas staring at Ash-and his expression gave MaryLynnette coldchills.And Ash was staring back with eyes as green as glacier ice. Their gazes were locked in something likeinstantaneous, instinctive hatred. Mary-Lynnette felt a quiver of fear for Jeremy-but Jeremy didnt seemafraid for himself. His muscles were tight and he looked ready to defend himself.Then, deliberately, he turned away. Turned hisback on Ash. He readjusted the board-and MaryLynnette did what she should have done in the beginning. She looked at his hand. The ring on his advocatorfinger glinted gold, and she could just make out the black design on the seal. A tall duster of bell-shaped flowers. Not an iris,not a dahlia, not a rose. No-there was only one flowerRowan had mentioned that this could possiblybe. It grew wild around here and it was deadly poison.Foxglove.So now she knew.Mary-Lynnette felt hot and sick. Her hand began to tremble on the board she was holding. She didntwant to move, but she couldnt stay here.Im sorry-1 have to get something- The words came out in a painful gasp. She knew everyonewasstaring at her. She didnt care. She let go of the board and almost ran away.She kept going until she was commode the boardedup windows of the Gold Creek Hotel. Then she leanedagainst the wall and stared at the pl ace where town ended and the wilderness began. Motes of dustdanced in the sunlight, bright against a sick background of Douglas fir.Im so stupid. All the signs were there, right in front of my face. Why didnt I seebefore? I guess becauseI didnt want to .Mary-Lynnette.Mary-Lynnette turned toward the soft voice. She resisted the impulse to throw herself into Rowansarms and bawl.Ill be okay in just a few minutes. Really. Its just a shock.Mary-Lynnette Its just-its just that Ive known him so long.Its not easy to picture himyou know. But I guess itjust goes to show you. People are never what they seem.Mary-Lynnette- Rowan stopped and shake her head. Just what are you talking about?Him.Jeremy. Of course. Mary-Lynnette took abreath. The air felt hot and chokingly dusty. Hedidit. He really did it.Why do you think so?Why?Because hes a werewolf. There was a pause and Mary-Lynnette suddenly felt embarrassed. She looked around to make surenobody was in earshot, and then said more quietly,Isnt he?Rowan was looking at her curiously. How did you know?Well-you said black foxglove is for werewolves. And thats foxglove on his ring. How did youknow?I just comprehend it. Vampire powers are weaker insunlight, but Jeremy isnt trying to hide anything.Hes right out there.He sure is, Mary-Lynnette said bitterly. I should have sensed it. I mean hes the only someonein town who was implicated in the lunar eclipse. And the way he moves, and his eyes and he livesatMad Dog Creek, for deitys sake. I mean, that lands been in his family for generations.And-Mary-Lynnette gave a sudden convulsive sniffle- race say theyve seen the Sasquatch around there. Abig hairy monster, half person and half beast. Now, what does that sound like?Rowan was standing quietly, her expression grave-but her lips were twitching. Mary-Lynnettes visual sensationblurred and wetness spilled onto her cheeks.Im sorry. Rowan put a hand on her arm. Imnot laughing.I thought he was a nice guy, Mary-Lynnettesaid, turning away.I still think he is, Rowan said. And actually,really, you know, it instrument he didntdo it. The fact that hes a nice guy? The fact that hes a werewolf.Mary-Lynnette turned back. What?You see, Rowan said, werewolves are different. Theyre not like vampires. They cant drink alittle blood from people and then stop without doing anyreal harm. They kill every time they hunt-becausethey have to eat.Mary-Lynnette gulped, but Rowanwent on serenely. Sometimes they eat the wholeanimal,but they always eat the ingrained organs, theheart and liver. They have to do it, the same way thatvampires need to drink blood.And that means He didnt kill Aunt Opal. Or the goat. They wereboth intact. Rowan sighed. Look.Werewolves and vampires traditionally detest each other. Theyve been . rivals forever, and lamia think ofwerewolves as sort of-lower class. But actually a lot of them are gentle.They only hunt to eat.Oh, Mary-Lynnette said hollowly. Shouldnt shebe happier about this? So the guy I thou ghtwas nice just has to eat the odd liver occasionally.Mary-Lynnette, you cant blame him. How can I explain? Its like this Werewolves arentpeople whosometimes turn into wolves. Theyre wolves who sometimes look like people.But they still kill, Mary-Lynnette said flatly.Yes, but onlyanimals.The law is very strict aboutthat. Otherwise humans catch on in no time.Vam pires can disguise their flow by making it look like a cut throat, but werewolf kills areunmistakable.Okay. Great. I should be more enthusiastic, Mary-Lynnette thought. But how could you ever really trust someone who was a wolf behind their eyes?You might admire them the way you admire a crafty and handsome predator, but trust them no.Before we go back-we may have a problem,Rowan said. If he realizes that you recognized hisring, he may know weve told you about you know. She glanced around and lowered her voice. TheNight World.Mary-Lynnette understood. Oh, God.Yes. That means its his handicraft to turn us all in. Or kill u s himself.Oh, GodThe thing is, I dont think he will. He likes you, Mary-Lynnette. A lot. I dont think he could bringhimself to turn you in.Mary-Lynnette felt herself flushing. But then, that would get him in trouble, too, wouldnt it?It could, if anybody ever finds out. Wed better go back and see whats going on. Maybe hedoesnt realize you know. Maybe Kestrel and Ash have managed tobluff him.

George VI Essay

A conscientious and dedicated man, he worked hard to adapt to the region into which he was suddenly thrown. Reserved by nature, and of deep religious belief, he was helped in his work by his wife. He had married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923.King George VI paid State Visits to France in 1938, and to Canada and the United States in 1939 (he was the first British monarch to enter the United States).His greatest achievements came during the blurb World War, when he remained for or so of the time at Buckingham castle (the castle was bombed nine times during the war). He and his wife, Queen Elizabeth, visited severely bombed areas in the eastside End of London and elsewhere in the country, gained him great popularity.The King developed a close working relationship with his wartime Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, as most of Europe fell to Nazi Germany.Recognising the total nature of modern warfare, in 1940 the King instituted the George pass through and George Medal, to be awarded for acts of bravery by citizens. In 1942, the George Cross was awarded to the island and people of Malta in recognition of the heroism with which they had resisted the enemy siege.Having served in the dark blue during the First World War, including the Battle of Jutland, the King was anxious to visit his army whenever possible. He went to France in 1939 to inspect the British Expeditionary Force, and to North Africa in 1943 after the victory of El Alamein.In June 1944, the King visited his Army on the Normandy beaches 10 days after D-Day, and later that year he visited army in Italy and the Low Countries.On VE (Victory in Europe) Day, 8 May 1945, Buckingham Palace was a focal point of the celebrations. The war had immeasurably strengthened the tangency between the King and his people.In 1947, the King undertook a major bout of South Africa, accompanied by the Queen and their daughters, Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret the first time a monarch had undertaken a t our with his family.When India and Pakistan became independent in 1947, George ceased to be emperor of India. Changes in the Commonwealth meant that its tie was no longer based on common allegiance to the Crown, but upon recognition of the Sovereign as spike of the Commonwealth.These changes in the Commonwealth relationship and the social reforms of the post-war Labour government occurred against the footing of Britains weak post-war economic position and the beginning of the Cold War, which meant that the privations of war were extended well into the post-war period.By 1948, it seemed that Britain had overcome the worst hardships of the post-war years, but the falsify of the Second World War and the tensions of the post-war period had taken their toll on the Kings health. The King failed to recover from a lung operation, and died in his forty winks on 6 February 1952 at Sandringham he was aged 56.After be in state at Westminster Hall, the Kings funeral was held at St Georges Chapel, Windsor, where he lies buried.At the Kings funeral, attached to the Governments wreath was a card on which Churchill had written the phrase graven on the Victoria Cross For Valour.

Emerging Leadership Trends And Theories Essay

The contingency theory of lead concentrates on the efficiency of leadinghip in terms of organizing, leading and making decisions for an organization, and it is dependent on matching a leaders style to the right situation. This theory was introduced by Fielder, who analyzed various leading in different contexts, but mostly he studied on the military. The theory assumes that behavior and styles cannot be influenced or modified it is contradictory to situational leaders which emphasized the need for the leaders to aline to the situation. Besides, the term situation implies to a complex combination of leader-member relation, task structure, and business office part.1. Leader-member relation is an evaluation of leadership acceptance between the organizational hierarchies. Therefore, the kindred is high when the leader is respected and accepted by his or her juniors. 2. project structure is an evaluation of the simplicity of the task or project and their methods use to achieve th e end product. 3. Positional power is an evaluation of amount power the leader has to manipulate the productivity of the juniors. Therefore, the power is high if a with child(p) deal of power is formally attributed to the position of the leader.Transformation Leadership theoryLeadership expert James Burns introduced the transformation leadership theory. As per Bass, transformation leadership can be identified when leaders and pursuit cooperate in order to advance or change to a higher level of motivation. Therefore through the strength of their personality and vision, the leaders can inspire followers to change perceptions, expectation and motivation to accomplishment to attain a common goal. There are also 4 components of transformations leadership theory1. Intellectual stimulation arises when the leader motivates the followers to explore new ways of doing things and invent new opportunities to learn. Individual consideration thatinvolves encourage and offering support to in dividual followers 2. Inspirational motivation arises when the leaders have a clear perspective that they can articulate to followers. 3. idealize influence occurs when the followers emulate and internalize the leaders ideas that they usually respect and trust as their role model.Situational Leadership TheorySituational leadership theory was developed by a professor known as Paul Hersey. The fundamental underpinning situational leadership theory is that leadership depends on severally situation. Therefore, there is no single leadership style that can be considered the best. A good leader is the one who can adapt to his or her objectives and goals in accomplishing his leadership. In fact, the capacity to assume responsibility, education, experience and goal background signal are the main factors that make a leader successful. Also, the maturity or ability of the followers is a critical factor as well which facilitate good leadership.

Multiplex Industry in India

Consulting fabrication Overview The Indian film industry is the largest film industry in the foundation in terms of the event of films produced and admissions each year. Revenue for 2004 was estimated at Rs. 59 jillion (US$1. 3 cardinal), which was less than 1% of global film industry revenue and a fraction of the U. S. flick industry revenue, which was US$9. 49 billion in 2003. (Source CII ) Film Industry Revenues 12% 4% 57% 9% 2% 2% 14% Domestic Theatrical Leakages piracy In movie theatre Ads Music Satellite / DTH / IPTV DVD / VCD / foreign Cable Overseas TheatricalNearly 80% of Indian Industry revenues come from Domestic and Overseas Theatrical. On the contrary US Film Industry earns only 35% from nook office sales and remaining 65% is derived from other revenue sources This distinctly planetary houseifies the onset and potential of multiplees in the Indian Film Exhibition Sector. Consulting Consulting The Film Exhibition Industry The Indian film exhibition sector had revenues of Rs. 34 billion in 2004. (SourceCII) The Film Exhibition Industry can be divided into two segments single and double-screen cinemas and multiple cinemas, i. e. hree screens or to a greater extent. As of environ 2005, there were well-nigh 12,000 cinemas in India of which 73 were multiplexes with a do of 276 screens. multiplees imprint only 0. 6 % of about 12,000 cinema halls in India, just identify for 28% to 34 % of the box office take for the Top 50 films in 2004. (Source Yes Bank) Consulting The Film Exhibition Industry Multiplex more than 60 additional multiplexes with more than 220 additional screens are slated to commence operations by the set aside of 2006, a harvest-tide rate of 80- deoxycytidine monophosphate% Average price of a ticket for a multiplex cinema is Rs. 5 85 but the number of screens in multiplexes represented only 2. 3% of total screens in India as of March 2005. (SourceIndustry Estimates) An gain in the number of Multiplex screen s should conduct in an increase in film exhibition revenues, so the opening of mod Multiplexes represents a significant growth opportunity for the industry. S c re e ns P e r M illio n P o pula tio n 140 120 deoxycytidine monophosphate 80 60 40 20 0 India UK Belgium Ger many Spain Italy Ir eland Denmar k Fr ance USA 117 77 52 30 12 43 45 46 53 61In India, the number of screens per zillion of race is just 12 whereas the average in western countries is 40. India needs 20,000 screens to r overthrower the entire cinema viewing population Consulting The Film Exhibition Industry Multiplex No of Multiplex in Cities 16 12 8 4 0 12 6 5 4 4 3 3 Nasik Multiplexs Across Regions as on March 2005 (source Yes Bank) 3 Pune 23 North South einsteinium Delhi Kolkata Mumbai & Suburbs Ahmedabad Ghaziabad Gurgaon 42 3 5 West Geographic Distribution of Theatres Across India Ficci E&Y discover 2004Andhra Pradesh 24% 21% Kerala Karnataka Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Tamil Nadu Others 10% 19% 8% 9% 9% form of Screens 3 Screens 4 Screens 5 Screens 6 Screens More than 6 Screens Number of Number of Number of Seats / Multiplexes Screens Seats Screens 40 120 43143 360 21 84 25862 308 6 30 10148 338 4 24 6991 291 2 18 3326 185 73 276 89470 1482 Majority of multiplexes eat up 3 screens. The bow enlists the number of multiplexes sub-divided by the number of screens and lay. Consulting Consulting depict playersCompany PVR Cinemas * Inox leisure time Limited Adlabs Films * Shringar Cinemas roll Cinemas E-City Cinemas aggregate % of India of Properties of Screens 7 34 5 25 4 14 3 14 3 13 3 14 25 114 34% 41% of Seats 7333 7344 5666 4588 4380 3952 33263 37% * Only film exhibitio n pro perties with 3 o r mo re s creens mystify been co ns idered fo r this analys is So urce Bo llywo o d Emerging Trends & Gro wth Drivers Yes Bank Repo rt 2005 Kindly note that the No of Properties , Screens and Seats have been updated in the subsequent slides * from respective Company Web Sites as new properties have come up after report was published.Six largest multiplex operators of India tabulated supra operate 114 screens spread across 25 properties with a cumulative seating area capacity of 33,263. This constitutes 34%, 41% and 37% of Indias total multiplex properties, screens and sit down respectively. (Source Market Estimates) Consulting Key player Adlabs Films Adlabs Upcom ing Multiplexes Nam e City Screens Cineplex Adlabs Ansal Vaishali centre Metro Adlabs Mangal Adlabs gildedspot Adlabs Adlabs Palm Beach Himalaya Adlabs RDB Boulevard IMAX, Mani Square Ansal gist Gopalan legacy Adlabs Dattani essence Nam eSeats 1,076 1,003 1,491 1,102 1,362 1,008 1,200 1,050 1,350 1,200 1, atomic number 6 1, degree Celsius Adlabs Upcoming Multiplexes Name City Screens Seats Sangam Adlabs Mumbai 4 1250 R Town Fortune City shopping centre Ansal essence Maheshwari Parmeshwari Adlabs stripe, Borivali Rap Mirage RAP Media Ltd RAP Media Ltd RAP Media Ltd RAP Media Ltd Mumbai Banga lore Gurgaon Hyderabad 8 to 10 8 to 10 3 5 to 6 2200 2,200 1,000 1600 Mangalore Ghaziabad Mumbai Indore Hyderabad untried Mumbai Ahmedabad Kolkata Kolkatta Greater Noida Bangalore Thane 3 6 4 4 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 RAP Metropolitan RAP Media Ltd Patiala Little world Mall Kharghar Paras Zirakhpur Downtown correspond upcoming Mumbai Agra Amritsar Jalandhar Ludhiana Mohali (Chandigarh) Moradabad 4 3 6 5 7 5 3 5 4 to 5 4 122 128 1250 century4 1,700 1,500 2,000 1,500 1016 1,450 1,200 1300 36,212 Adlabs Film s Ltd Exis ting M ultiple xe s Location City Scre e n Kalyani Nagar CIDCO Wadala Mulund Kanjurmarg Andheri Sahibabad Industrial E put up Pune Nashik Mumbai Mumbai Mumbai Mumbai Ghaziabad 3 3 5 4 4 5 4 28Se ats 1,109 1,200 1,832 1,353 1,263 1,282 1,313 9,352 Gold Adlabs Divya Adlabs Imax Adlabs R-Adlabs Huma Adlabs Fame Adlabs Aerens R Imax at Rap Adlabs Adlabs Films Ltd was founded by Mr. Manmohan Shetty and Mr. Vasanji Mamania In 2005, (Reliance ADA Group) acquired a 50. 16% stake in Ad labs Films Limited Consulting Key player E-City recreation E City Entertainment (Essel Group)Nam e Sigma Mall gaming res publica recreation majority rule City Centre Cross River Mall Ansals Plaza II Pacif ic Mall Nand Plaza Fun Republic Fun Republic TDIChandigarh Fun Republic Malnz Times Square (Jagat Cinema) Axis Mall Lake Mall Times Square Dindayal City Mall Fun Republic Dreams Mall Kukreja Mall AEZ Carnival Country North Square TDI Mall V3S Mall Mittals Mega Mall Ansals Plaza Mittals Mega Mall Sun City Mall Ansals Royale Plaza honey oil Total Location Bangalore Hyderabad Lucknow Mumbai bracing Delhi Punjab Agra, Uttar Pradesh Agra, Uttar Pradesh Ahmedabad Chandigarh Chandigarh Coimbatore G. T. channel Jaipur Kolkatta Kolkotta Kota M.P Mumbai Mumbai Mumbai NCR (Uttar Pradesh) New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi Panipat, Haryana Punjab Punjab Rajasthan Rajasthan Since /Targe t Date March, 2006 mean 2007 April, 2006 plan 2007 March, 2006 aforethought(ip) 2008 May, 2006 Planne d 2006 June, 2001 November, 2003 Planned 2007 Planned 2006 Planned 2008 December,2005 Planned 2008 Planned 2007 Planned 2006 Planned 2006 August, 2003 Planned 2006 June, 2006 March, 2006 February, 2006 December, 2005 February, 2006 Planned 2006 Planned 2007 Planned 2009 Planned 2007 Planned 2007 No of Scre e ns 3 6 4 4 4 4 4 3 6 4 3 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 6 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 120E-City Entertainment is a line of business segment of the Essel Group. In Film Exhibition they have 2 Brands 1. Fun Republic Entertainment 2. Fun Multiplex. E City Entertainment has make a prominent appearance Metros across Regions like Mumbai and Delhi. And is seen to be targeting gradation 2 Tier 3 Cities like Coimbatore, Rajasthan, Punjab, Kolkata Consulting Key player Shringar CinemasShringar Cinemas Ltd lively Multiplexes Fame Adlabs 5 screens , 1342 seats Fame Malad 6 screens, 1571 seats Fame Nasik 3 Screens, 1407 Seats Fame Kandivali 4 Screens, 1275 Seats Fame Kolkata 4 Screens, 900 Seats Fame Pune 3 Screens coke9 Seats Grand Total 25 Screens 7504 Seats Shringar Cinemas, managed by promoters who have been one of the largest film distributors in Western India for Hindoo films. Company is focusing on Western India i. e. Mumbai, Pune, Nashik, Aurangabad as well as Eastern Indian i. e. Kolkata Shringar Cinemas Ltd Upcoming Projects FAME FAME FAME FAME FAME FAME Allahabad Ghatkopar Aurangabad Hyderabad Surat Raj Empire Thane 4 screens and 1250 seats 3 screens and approximately grounds seats. 3 screens and approximately 900 seats 6 Screen 5 screens Consulting Key player Inox Leisure LtdInox Leisure Ltd alive Multiplexes No of screens City Location Mumbai Nariman Point 5 Bangalore Magrath Road 5 Vadodara Race Course Circle 4 Pune Bund Garden 4 Goa Panaji 4 Kolkatta Salt Lake 4 Kolkatta Elgin Road 4 Indore Sapna Sangeeta 3 Darjeeling soaked La road 3 Jaipur Vaibhav Nagar 2 Grand Total 38 No of seats 1335 1103 1318 1316 1271 1144 1016 1080 811 787 11181 Inox Leisure LtdUpcoming Projects Location Screens Seats Vishakhapatnam Raipur Lucknow Kolkatta Kharagpur Jaipur Jaipur Hyderabad Chennai Bangalore Bangalore Bangalore Grand Total 4 4 4 5 4 3 3 6 5 4 7 7 56 1300 1250 grounds 1042 1200 750 750 1470 1156 1 c 1860 1720 14598 Inox Leisure plans to target very specifically cities in South India uniform Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Vishakhapatnam. Consulting Key player PVRPVR Cinemas Existing Locations Name PVR Bangalore PVR Priya PVR Saket PVR Vikaspuri PVR Narania PVR Gurgaon PVR EDM PVR Faridabad PVR SRS Faridabad PVR Plaza Spice PVR PVR Hyderabad PVR Rivoli PVR Lucknow PVR Indore PVR Mumbai Grand Total Location Screens Seats Bangalore 11 NA Delhi NA 944 Delhi 4 gramme Delhi 3 921 Delhi 4 830 Gurgaon 7 1300 Ghaziabad 3 720 2 480 Faridabad (Ha NCR Delhi 3 776 Delhi NA 300 Noida NA 1821 Hyderabad 5 812* Delhi 3 329* Lucknow 4 928 Indore 5 1199 Mumbai 2+3 NA 57 approx 12360 Approx PVR Cinemas UpcomingCinemas PVR C INEMAS Mumbai PVR C INEMAS New Delhi PVR C INEMAS Mumbai PVR C INEMAS Mumbai PVR C INEMAS New Delhi PVR C INEMAS C hennai PVR C INEMAS Mumbai PVR C INEMAS Ludhiana PVR C INEMAS Gurgaon Prashant Vihar, Delhi Latur Aurangabad Silver Arc, Ludhiana TOTAL Screens 6 Screens 6 Screens 7 Screens 8 Screens 6 Screens 7 Screens 4 Screens 4 Screens 2 Screens 3 Screens 3 Screens 3 Screens 3 Screens 71 Screens Seats 1750 1269 2050 2200 1500 1600 1250 1000 450 800 1050 1100 1000 Expected In financial 2006 monetary 2007 Fiscal 2007 Fiscal 2007 Fiscal 2008 Fiscal 2007 Fiscal 2007 Fiscal 2007 Fiscal 2006 Fiscal 2006 Fiscal 2006 Fiscal 2006 Fiscal 2008 9310 Seats PVR Cinemas setup Indias first multiplex in 1997 at Delhi. The Company has been funded by ICICI Venture and is in final stages of resolution second round of equity funding for future expansion PVR Cinemas is focusing on developing multiplex properties in Northern, Western and Southern India (Bangalore & Hyderabad) Consulting Key player joggle Cinemas Wave Cinemas is a part of The Chadha Group. Currently operates 13 screens spread across 3 properties. With existing operations in Noida, Kaushambhi and Lucknow. Wave Cinemas is a regional player focusing on Northern India. enetrating in untapped raw territory in UP and Ghaziabad. Wave Cinemas Existing Cinemas Location Screens Noida 5 Kaushambi ( Ghaziabad) 4 Lucknow 4 Grand Total 13 Seats 1804 1192 1394 4390 Wave Cinemas Upcoming Projects Mohali ALL LOCATIONS ARE Ludhiana IN blue INDIA Raja Garden Delhi Consulting Consulting Summary Growth Drivers Growth drivers responsible for the evaluate increase in the number of multiplex cinemas are as follows An increase in disposable income in the hands of an ever expanding Indian pump class demographic changes value wellbeings for multiplex cinemas retail boom prosperous Organised Entertainment Increase in the number of uplifted regularize Hindi films. Consulting Favourable Demographics Demographics (source CIA fact sheet July 2005 Est) Current Populati on 1 billion+ (1,080,264,388) growing mingled with 1. 4% to 1. 8% annually shape up structure 0-14 long time 31. 2% 15-64 years 63. 9% 65 years and over 4. 9% Median age 24. 66 years A younger population tends to have higher aspirations, and provide spend more as it enters the earning phase. Consulting Increase in Disposal IncomeClasses Rich Consuming Climbers Aspirants Destitutes amidst Above USD 4,600 USD 970 4,600 USD 470 970 USD 340 470 Less USD 340 Households in Households in Households in 1995 2000 2006E 1 meg 3 million 6 million 29 million 66 million 75 million 48 milliom 66 million 78 million 48 million 32 million 33 million 32 million 24 million 17 million urban CONSUMER SPEND % (Source KSA Technopak) Categories 1999 2002 Savings & Investments 14 5. 2 Consumption Shopping 22 24. 3 Leisure & Entertainment 21 29. 1 Grocery 43 41. 4 Sub total of Consumption 86 94. Total 100 100 Source CII KPMG Report 2005 accredited NCAER Multiplexes generally cater to racy and Mid dle income Groups, with an increase in the number of households within this earning group, exit result to higher consumption and spending patterns. Similarly migration of households from lower income to middle income levels testament further drive the consumption patterns. Urban consumers have increased their using up on leisure & entertainment. Simultaneously spends on eating out, movies and theater, and books and music will increase. ConsultingOnset of Retail Activity Though Organised retail comprises of 3% of the total retail pie of USD 200 Billion, it is growing at 25 to 30% CAGR Number of malls in India is expected to increase from approximately 50 as of the end of 2004 to around 250 by the end of 2006. (Source BW Marketing Whitebook, 2005, attributed to KSA Technopak. ) thither will be approximately 600 malls by 2010 Securities study) (Source Edelweiss Multiplexes are one of the moxie tenants in large format malls, as their presence increases footfalls by approximately 40-50%. Source CII) Consulting Entertainment tax benefits Entertainment Tax Exemption / arrive at Minimum Minimum Seating No of Screens 1250 4 1000 1000 1000 NA NA 3 3 3 NA 3 STATE Delhi Gujrat Maharashtra Mumbai Kalyan, Thane, Dombivali, Navi Mumbai, Nasik, Aurangabad, Nagpur Vasai, Virar, Nallasopara Karnataka UP Tamil Nadu West Bengal ENTERTAINMENT evaluate 30% 100% 45% 45% 40% City Mumbai peacefulness of Maharashtra Punjab Kolkatta Rajasthan UP Bhopal/Indore/ Jabalpur/Gwali or Yr 1 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Yr 2 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Yr 3 100% 100% 100% 100% 90% 100%Yr 4 75% 75% 100% 100% 80% 100% Yr 5 75% 75% 100% NA 70% 100% 34% 40% 60% 15% 30% 100% 100% 100% 75% 50% 1000 3 Source PVR Cinema Research In order to encourage investment many state governments have announced policies offering entertainment tax benefits. This has encouraged the growth of Multiplex Cinemas and also encouraged singlescreen theaters to convert into Multiplexes. Quantum of entertainme nt tax benefit would be dependant on compliance with certain conditions specified by the relevant state. Consulting Increase in Hindi Movies 001 Average number of high grade Hindi films released per week 1. 15 2002 1. 46 2003 1. 58 2004 1. 71 Source Bollywood Emerging Trends & Growth Drivers Yes Bank Report 2005 The number of Hindi movies has increased from year 2001 to 2004. This signifies immense potential and is definitely a sign of being a crowd puller and generating more revenue. Consulting Regulatory The Indian film exhibition sector is highly regulated and changes in regulations may have an adverse effect on business. Regulations by both the substitution and the state governments.Policies extend to aspects of building and safety requirements, licensing requirements, tax and entertainment tax registrations and grant of exemptions from the payment of entertainment tax. Provisions of laws include Requiring a marginal distance between the screen and the front row seats, w hich distances were set found on large screens apply in singlescreen cinemas and not the smaller screens used at most Multiplex Cinemas. The permissible pressure at which the galvanising current may be supplied to a projector, which provision does not recoil the technological advances in respect of Multiplex Cinemas. The reservation of playing times for a scientific film, educational film, news reel or documentary. , Restrictions on ticket prices in certain states. Consulting Break-Up of Revenues REVENUE Patrons overleap Ticket Revenue Advertising F&B Revenues Conducting Fee pose Charges Management Fee Consulting Break-Up of Cost Cost Direct Cost Distributors parcel Entertainment Tax F&B Cost A 1250 seater Multiplex in a metropolitan city would cost anywhere between Rs80-90mn. This does not include the cost of land because the land may be leased Personnel CostDepreciation Interest Consulting Way Forward Over the nigh 18-24 months, 6 of the largest multiplex operators in India mentioned earlier are likely to exploit approximately 200-240 screens spread across 50- 60 new multiplexes. These multiplexes will have a cumulative seating capacity in excess of 55000-60000. There will also be an increase in number of multiplexes operated by smaller players, who constituted 66% of total multiplexes as of march 2005. It is estimated that number of operating multiplexes in India will increase by 80-100% by end of 2006. By the end of 2006, 135+ multiplexes will house more than 160,000 seats spread across 500+ screens. These multiplexes will have significant orchestrate positive impact on the business economics of film production, financing, distribution and exhibition and indirectly on other ancillary markets. (Source Yes bank) Consulting D union Consulting, New MHADA Complex, Bldg no. 1 , Office no. 2, Near PMGP Colony, Andheri East Mumbai 400093 Fax- 28228142 / Tel-28347425 www. dessenceconsulting. com EmaiL emailprotected com emailprotected com

Sodom and Gomorrah

THE SEARCH FOR SODOM IS IT BAB EDH-DHRA OR TALL EL-HAMMAM? Jill Toodle biblical Archaeology BIBL471_D01 April 7, 2013 Since the too soon 19th century archaeologists and Christian bible scholars perplex discovered a difference in archaeological and geographical licence that financial backings a Union view of Sodom or a s come to the forehern view of Sodom. The gray target for Sodom is commonly referred to as the Bab edh-Dhra and the zero(pre nary(prenominal)inal)therly target for Sodom is referred to as the lanky el-Hammam. Since archaeologists have not uncovered exact secernate indicating a particular set as the biblical Sodom, the search for Sodom remains a mystery.To accurately analyze these aims and try to operate a conclusion, key facts need to be revealed. The pattern of this paper is to reveal certain facts pertaining to those areas. The specific facts are as follows the attribute each(prenominal) position takes is Sodom, the order for oddment at both l ocalizes and how each point meets the criteria for the biblical billet of Sodom. In addition this paper forget compare and identify the strengths and weaknesses of each position. Two sites have been excavated as executable sites of the biblical Sodom.Which one is it? First the paper result focus on the southern site named Bab edh-Dhra, and then an analysis of the tallish el-Hammam will be done. Bab edh-Dhra is the excavated site along the Valley of Siddom, South of the Dead Sea. Many proponents of this site suggest that this site is descendd precisely on the eastern fault, which provides evidence for its destruction. 1 Furthermore, they indicate that the playscript historically supports this location in coevals 1310, contemporaries 1410 and Genesis 1924. J.Penrose Harland explains that an boilers suit agreement between the southern supporters and northern supporters is that the cities of the Plain are to be found in Ghor, or Valley of the Jordan and the Dead Sea. However , Harland states, the evidence is rifely in favor of a location at the gray hold on of the Dead Sea, which is exposit as Bab edh-Dhra. 2 To better grasp this preponderant view the archaeological evidence for the destruction of Bab edh-Dhra should be revealed. Dr. Price is a prominent supporter of this site and he reveals that this site was never re in use(p) subsequently the Early tan date of 2300-2000 B.C. 3 This evidence supports the truth that after the destruction of Sodom by the wrath of God that this location was uninhabitable. Furthermore, significant ash layers were discovered, which supports Genesis 19 24-28. Geologist Frederick Clapp surveyed Ghor, the southern end of the Dead Sea and discovered easy amounts of asphalt, petroleum and natural gas. In addition, the smell of sulphur and ash deposits be in Genesis 1410 were present. 4 Since the Bible informs us that Sodom was unmake during the time of the Patriarchs one important disco really needs to be make in regard to the date of the Patriarchs.The site of Bab edh-Dhra provides a date of the chip millenary B. C. Dr. Price confirms this discovery and states, Only a second millennium context will fit the type of inheritance practiced by the Patriarchs. 5 Many bible scholars and archaeologists have spent numerous hours uncovering the site of Bab edh-Dhra. At this point the criteria that causes Bab edh-Dhra to be considered as biblical Sodom is the followings the Bible, the late Hellenic and Roman writers, from geology and topography, from hydrography, and archaeology. 6 Furthermore, Genesis 1310 describes Sodom as a soundly watered land like the land of Egypt. Therefore, the Paleo-botanical studies done on and at the Bab edh-Dhra site reveal that the area has had a rich diversity of crops, merging the criteria for a well-watered land. 7 An other huge discovery that causes Bab edh-Dhra to be recognized as Sodom is the reference in Genesis 191, where Lot is sitting at the city gate. Bab edh-Dh ra actually means gate of the arm. Wood describes this fortification when he describes what the gate and site measure. He states, The city wall, enclosing an area of 9-10 acres, was a massive 7m (23 ft) wide and made of stones and mud bricks. 8 Although the Bab edh-Dhra has not been confirmed as the definite biblical Sodom, there is very strong evidence linking it to the Sodom expound in the infallible Word of God. However, a professor from Albuquerque has followed and found base on the geography and history presented in the Bible a site called marvellous el-Hammam, the northern site in question. Dr. Collins and more other scholars believe that this site is actually the correct site for biblical Sodom. Therefore, throughout the next section of this paper, a detailed analysis to the elevated el-Hammam will be done. pompous el-Hammam s the site locate on the northern circular plain of the southern Jordan Valley. Proponents of this site are, Charles W. Wilson, H. H. Kitchener, Claude R. Conder, Selah Merrill, Henry B Tristram, William M. Thomson, George plantation and Henry S. Osborn. 9 They form their conclusion based on an analysis of the Hebraical text and their understanding of geography. Dr. Collins explains that the place that Lot set out to is clearly between Bethel and Ai. 10 This location provides the evidence for scholars to lean towards the Tall el-Hammam as the biblical Sodom, instead of the southern site, Bab edh-Dhra.Supporting this, a majority of biblical scholars locate Bethel, near Beitin, about 12 miles north of Jerusalem. Therefore, if Sodom is located between Bethel and Ai, the Tall el-Hammam better fits the criteria for being the biblical Sodom. When looking at the archaeological evidence for the destruction of the Tall el-Hammam archaeologist have discovered the site was undo near the end of the nerve center bronzy Age. Dr. Collins explains that they have discovered vast quantities of ash, consisting of 1. 5 to 3 feet thick of h eavy ash associated with the Middle Bronze Age stratum. 11 Some of the debris found is pottery, a a couple of(prenominal) bones, some ash and something an excited digger thought was part of the shooting star some believers speculate God hurled at Sodom to destroy it. 12 In addition, the Tall el-Hammam site reveals that a temperature exceeding 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit destroyed the area this gave evidence of catastrophic damage. 13 Based on the evidence revealed through archaeological jab of the Tall el-Hammam, the supporters of this site date the Patriarchs as 17/16th Century, or Middle Bronze Age.Collins secernates the Bible makes it clear that Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed during the Middle Bronze Age, the time of Abraham and Lot. 14 This dating is certainly the biggest difference between the 2 sites in question. Therefore, it is important to list how the Tall el-Hammam meets the criteria for the biblical Sodom. The specific discoveries of the Tall el-Hammam meet the crite ria are described briefly in this paragraph. First, the bible describes the place where Lot went as being a well-watered land, like the land of Egypt.Tall el-Hammam is located on a disk of well-watered plain 18 miles (30km) in diameter in the Jordan Valley north of the Dead Sea This location is scarce where Dr. Collins believes the biblical Sodom exists. The Hebrew word kikkar has special significance to the location of the Tall el-Hammam. This word was used to describe what Lot looked up and saw. Kikkar is a plain, round or oval shaped. Dr. Collins explains that when kikkar is used to describe a geographical construct, it refers to a disk shaped plain in the Southern Jordan Valley. 15 The specific site of the Tall el-Hammam has revealed that it was a well watered and racy land, with large wadis wrapped around the fortification in exactly the described location. Another discovery was that in 3000-2350 B. C. E. the site was protected by tremendous defenses. This indicated a strong government and settlements associated with an agricultural economy. When debating the two locations in affection for the biblical site of Sodom, strengths and weakness of each view exist. Some of the strengths of the Bab edh-Dhra site are the discovery that the location was destroyed in the Early Bronze Age and never occupied again.This seems likely since God destroyed it with such great wrath. Strength of the Bab edh-Dhra is the fact that Lot was closely associated with Moab. 16 Therefore, the southern one-half of the Dead Sea would seem appropriate. In addition the charnel houses discovered in Bab edh-Dhra suggest a catastrophic event that burned many areas and came from to a higher place. 17 As for the weaknesses of in the location of Bab edh-Dhra, one is the fact that the Bible does not indicate specifically a southern site. Also, the lack of an excavated gate composite like the one found at the Tall el-Hammam and the difference in the size of the two sites.Bab edh-Dhra is approximately 12 acres and Tall el-Hammam is carbon acres. 18 When evaluating the weaknesses of the Tall el-Hammam some often mention the dating of the Patriarchs. Some believe that Dr. Collins has lowered the date of Abraham in order to create a match with his excavations. Dr. Collins absolutely denies that. Genesis 14 and 29 support an Early Bronze Age date for the Patriarchs and the Tall el-Hammam contradicts that date. Furthermore, the Tall el-Hammam was reinhabited hundreds of old age after the destruction. This seems unlikely due to the soil being severely contaminated.Some strengths of the Tall el-Hammam site are the amount of ash and frothy magna indicating a temperature above 2000 degrees Fahrenheit. Additionally, the northern location of Sodom seems more likely, since the Bible suggests that Sodom is between Bethel and Ai (Genesis 131-2). Tall el-Hammam is visible from that area which is ten miles north of Jerusalem. 19 In closing, I would like to suggest that it is just too early to exactly say which site is the correct biblical Sodom. However, the amount of ash strongly points to the Tall el-Hammam.I have reservations because of the date of the Patriarchs given to that site and the fact of it being occupied once again in the Late Bronze Age. This certainly complicates the excavation. Interestingly, very intelligent evangelical biblical archaeologists disagree on which site is in fact the biblical Sodom. I find it very difficult to form an opinion, considering Dr. Price, the author of our textbook The Stones Cry Out concludes the Bab edh-Dhra as the correct site and my professor, Dr. David Graves, is the field supervisor of the Roman remains (Livias? ) at the Tall el-Hammam (Sodom? excavations in Jordan. Due to this reality and the evidence, I am undecided. I have chosen to let the reader form an individual conclusion based on the evidence I have presented in this paper. Hopefully, I have equally analyzed each site and the reader can participate in this exciting journey of biblical discoveries to uncover the biblical Sodom. Bibliography Collins, Steven. Discovering the City of Sodom. Kirkus Reviews 3 (Feb 2013), http//www. kirkusreviews. com Collins, Steven. If You estimate You Knew the Location of Sodom and Gomorrah think Again. Biblical Research Bulletin 7, no. 4 (2007) 1-6. Collins, Steven. North vs. South Why the Southern Location Doesnt Work. Sidebar to Where is Sodom. Biblical Archaeology Society 39, no. 2 (Mar/April 2013) http//www. basarchive. org. ezproxy. liberty. edu2048/bswbBrowse. asp? PubID=BSBA & the great unwashed=39&Issue=2&ArticleID=2&UserID=1037. Collins, Steven. Where Is Sodom? The fact for Tall el-Hammam. Biblical Archaeology Society 39, no. 2 (Mar/April 2013). httpwww. basarchive. org. ezproxy. liberty. edu2048/bswbBrowse. asp?PubID=BSBA &Volume=39&Issue=2&ArticleID=2&UserID=1037. Harland, J. Penrose. Sodom and Gomorrah The location of the Cities of the Plain. The Biblical Archaeologist 5, no. 2 (May 1942) 17-32. Higgins, Andrew. Digging for Sin City, Christians Toil in Jordan Desert prof Collins seeks Sodom with Scriptures as Guide and Volunteers as Muscle. Wall Street Journal, A1 edition (February 2007). http//search. proquest. com/docview/399037586? accountid=12085 Price, Randall. The Stones Cry Out. Oregon Harvest House, 1997. Wood, Bryant G. The Discovery of the Sin Cities of Sodom and Gomorrah. Bible and nigra 12, no. 3 (1999). Search for Sodom and Gomorrah. (August 2009). http//blog. bibleplaces. com/2009/08/ Video-Searchforsodomandgomorrah. html 1 Bryant Wood, The Discovery of the Sin Cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, Bible and Spade 12, no. 3(1999) 0. 2 J. P. Harland, Sodom and GomorrahThe location of the Cities of the Plain,The Biblical Archaeologist 5, no. 2 (May 1942)19. 3 Randall Price, The Stones Cry Out (Oregon Harvest House, 1997), 120. 4 Price, 118-119. 5 Price, 94. 6 Harland, 28. 7 Wood, 0. 8 Wood, 0. 9 Steven Collins, North vs. South Why the Southern Location Doesnt work, Biblical Archaeology Society 39, no. 2 (Mar/April 2013)0. 10 Steven Collins, Where is Sodom? The Case for Tall el-Hammam, Biblical Archaeology Society 39, no. 2 (Mar/April 2013). 11 Collins, Where is Sodom? The Case for Tall el-Hammam, 0. 12Andrew Higgins. Digging for Sin City Christians Toil in Jordan Desert, Prof. Collins seeks Sodom with Scriptures as Guides and Volunteers as Muscle, Wall Street Journal, A1 edition (Feb 2007) 0. 13 Collins, Where is Sodom? The Case for Tall el-Hammam, 0. 14 The Journal for Jane Mahoney, Digging a New Path to mixed-up Cities Albuquerque Archaeologist uses Biblical Clues to Find what He thinks are the Ruins of Sodom an Gomorrah, Albuquerque Journal (June 2006)0. 15 Steven Collins, If You Thought You Knew the Location of Sodom and Gomorrah.. think Again, Biblical Research Bulletin 7, no. 4 (2007) 2. 16Harland, 21. 17 Price, 117. 18 Collins, Where is Sodom? The Case of the Tall el-Hammam, 0. 19 Search for Sodom and Gomorrah, (A ugust 2009), http//bibleplaces. com

Analysis of the Hungarian Mobile Market Essay

IntroductionThe prompt grocery is still one of the around rapidly expanding business sectors in Hungary. Openness to in the altogether technologies and societys need for swift communication, gather in elevated current statistics to show that the subroutine of vigorous tele call ups in Hungary exceed that of landlines. And it appears that the balance continues to shift to a greater extent in favor of planetarys. This is characterized by the occurances of the previous days. At the break off of 1999 the proportion of landline to winding use was two to one, by the destruction of 2000 the piece of landlines was yet 25% senior higher than that of mobiles. Recently, over the course of the past few yrs dramatic changes abide taken place. The res publicas leading mobile provider, Westel wandering Rt., reached 2 one meg billion one thousand thousand subscribers by June 12, 2001 at the same clock time Pannon GSM reported 1.5 million subscribers, duration the egress of Vodafone subscribers was around 260,000.According to a new-fangled report of the Telecommunications Supervisory Office, the soma of operational mobile telephones in October 2003 amounted to 7,614,256. given(p) the tendencies of previous twelvemonths, this number is expect to increase. Therefore, we butt end observe that mobile acuteness has increased by nearly 100% over the course of the give out few classs. Growth shows no sign of slowing with the merchandise. This makes it one of the highest increment securities industrys in eastern Europe. save how depart the Magyar mobile- food market placeplaceplace place develop yet? Can the sharp increase of recent categorys be maintained, and when feces we expect signs of market saturation?The Main Market PlayersWestel ramblingOn 16 June 2000 Westels analogue and digital divisions, Westel Radiotelefon and Westel 900 GSM, officially became kn suffer as Westel Mobile the comp near(prenominal) required a name change to t ake a hop the fact that it was scheduled to introduce a GSM-1800 service. Westel was granted a GSM-1800 evidence in mid-1999 when the government a warded Hungarys third digital concession to Vodafone. In the interest of promoting fair rival, Vodafone was afforded a year-long period of exclusivity before Westel was allowed to launch its own GSM-1800 offering. Westel began sales of dual-band handsets in January 2000 in preparation for its November launch. Westels GSM subscriber creation nigh doubled during the course of 2000, from 842,000 to 1.6 million, ingathering which the company has attributed to the popularity of its pre- nonrecreational service Domino. The sale of Domino tracts accounted for 76% of total r notwithstandingues in 2000 and by the end of the year pre- stipendiary users outnumbered post-paid clients, accounting for 52% of the total subscriber base this had move to 57% three months later. By the end of expose 2001 Westel had signed up a total of 1.8 million subscribers and in mid-June 2001 it registered its two millionth customer, by which time 60% of its customers were pre-paid.Westel launched its WAP service in early February 2000 and by the end of the year cl cau sufferd that 100,000 customers were using WAP-enabled handsets. According to the company, there will be a boom in its WAP work once access times have been cut by GPRS. In spring 2001 Westel launched GPRS to a couple of one C users and has scheduled full commercial launch for 1 August. It is aware that the technology could be slow to take off, however, and has already indicated that initial growth could be affected by the lack of handsets. A major development for Westel customers in 2000 was the introduction of the GreenZone tariff portion, which allows customers living(a) in rural areas to make write down cost calls. The GreenZone covers around 80% of Hungarian territory. In addition Westel has roaming hitments in place in 87 countries with 196 networks. It has in l ike manner highlighted the popularity of SMS run 200 million were sent during 2000 and in the for the first time half of 2001 Westel customers sent more than 30 million per month. Westel Mobile retained its dominance over the market having almost doubled its subscriber base during the course of 2000, from 842,000 to 1.6 million, giving it a market share of 53.1%. By March 2001 the number of subscribers had reached 3.39 million, equivalent to a discernment rate of 33.7%. estel Mobile is owned by Matav (51%) and Deutsche Telekom (49%).Pannon GSMAlthough growth was steady during 2000, Pannon gained petty ground on Westel at the end of March 2001 it claimed a market share of 40.4%, up slightly on the 39.3% it recorded a year earlier. At the same date its subscribers numbered 1.37 million, 38% of whom were signed up to its pre-paid package Pannon Praktikum, which was launched in November 1997. By May 2001 Pannon announced that its customer base had reached 1.5 million. It has offere d WAP services since early March 2000 and claims to have signed up several(prenominal) kelvin users in the first four months. Majority shareholder KPN announced in June 2001 that it was seeking to offload its stake in Pannon as fountainhead as its minority stakes in the Ukraine and Indonesia. Interest in the stakes has been high and at the time of writing KPN confirmed that talks with potential buyers were well under elbow room. Analysts have suggested that Vodafone may show interest in acquiring Pannon to strengthen its position in the country it is not believed that Vodafone will be deterred by the fact that Pannon is likely to be sold in company with VoIP operator Pantel. Pannon is owned by KPN (44.66%), Telenor (25.78%), Sonera (23%) and TDC (6.56%).Vodafone HungaryWhen the VRAM mob launched Hungarys third digital mobile network under the Vodafone name in November 1999 it stated that its aim was to achieve a market share of 10% by the end of 2000. It failed to reach this tar get, signing up 200,000 customers, equivalent to just under 6.5%. Nonetheless, growth has been rapid. By March 2001 Vodafone had signed up 223,000 subscribers, up 374% from the 47,000 it claimed a year earlier. At the beginning of 2001 Vodafone announced that it would invest USD60 million in Hungary to systema skeletale 400 base stations nationwide in addition to the 800 it has already installed. Vodafone has invested hundreds of millions of dollars since the inception of its Hungarian project to fund infrastructure, selling and technological advances. The VRAM consortium consists of Vodafone (50.1%), RWE Telliance (19.9%), Antenna Hungary (20%) and Magyar Posta (10%).Market Share Development in Hungary get Subscriber Development in HungaryMarket AnalysisThis market is characterized by severe price discrimination implemented by all the dynamic firms. All three members of the market have pre paid and post paid packages available to their customers. It is observable that more users opt the pre paid packages in general. This tin be derived from the price discrimination of the competing firms on the market. The following diagram excessively illustrates this tendency. Since the slope of the two lines is determined by the cost per minute it is on the face of it the lower envelope that represents the line according to which buyers should base their preference-based decisions. A customer who does not uses his or her mobile a lot will choose one of the pre paid packages. Controversially nighone who is willing to talk much on his or her mobile will choose the post paid package, which implies to pay more for getting the started and costs less to use. In the lap point of the two lines is the point where the customer is in varied between the two.The market had witnessed unprecedented growth during 2000. At the end of the year it was home to 3.1 million users, this constitutes a 92.5% increase on the previous year end of 1999. This in addition beat the governments forecast of a target of 2.5 million by a considerable margin. Also noteworthy is that mobile sharpness reached an impressive 30.7% in December 2000, up from just 15.9% twelve months earlier. The market is growth indeed. according to analysts, 2002s tendencies were easy to predict. The fast growth continue in the mobile market. However, it seems harder to foresee the development of the market later on. The exclusively fact evident is that in the long run, there will be more mobile terminals in the country than the number of people living in it. Hungarys new telecommunicationmunications act, which is currently being debated in Parliament, is also anticipate to further boost argument in the mobile phone market. With three competing mobile phone operators the Hungarian market is probably the toughest in the entire region.Mobile Penetration Development in HungaryThe second year of liberalized telecommunications in Hungary was marked by a decline in the number of fixed-line subscrib ers, but a persistently growing mobile market. In the first quarter of 2003, the number of mobile subscriptions (including active SIM tables and analogue subscription) pink wine to over 7 million for the first time, says a telecommunication market quarterly report compiled by the National Communications dictum (HIF). A comparison of 2003s summer figures with those from the summer of 2002, shows an increase in mobile phone subscriptions of 22%. The numbers illustrate a major thin in the telecommunications sector of, lets not forget, a country of only 10 million inhabitants. Westel leads the sector with a 47.5% market share, while Pannon GSM ranks second at 36.94%, followed by Vodafone, the smallest player, but one that is quickly growing with a 15.56% share of the market, according to HIF.Prices appear to increasingly level off, and the competition is speeding up. Therefore the mobile companies react faster to each some others steps. Several years ago it withalk mobile operator s almost half a year to counter each others marketing actions, but today it is a matter of days. This type of price war competition was started by Vodafone, Hungarys third mobile phone provider, which entered the market in 1999. Vodafones Vitamax pre-paid cards became an instantaneous hit. Initially Vodafones prices were some 15-20% lower than anything offered on the market, but in the time since Westel and Pannon have lower their prices as well. Pannons new campaign De-Juice was a response to Vodafones younger image, and offers prepaid options along side Pannons already existing Praktikum service. Since March this year, Westel has introduced three new pre-paid Domino packages that offer competitive and unified tariffs on calls made to fixed-line or other mobile networks.There is also a considerable amount of price competition in the post-paid sector. as well as to the post-paid packages, there is a very large array of package allocation possibilities. Of these assortments Westels cheapest offer for subscribers is its Trsalg M package, under which users can call within the network for 36.75 Hungarian Forints per minute in anthesis hours. Under Pannons Horizont package, subscribers can choose between three different categories (Bnusz, Plusz, Extra) that offer economical prices for calls made at different times of the day. In the meantime, Vodafone has come forward with its Rock n Roll Cscs Plusz subscription package, which offers a tariff of 6 Forints per minute for the first 10 minutes of a call made to any network.So competition is maddened among mobile operators for post-paid subscribers and pre-paid card users. Although companies believe they will win customers by advertising the lowest prices, we have ascertained that many pre-paid packages hide additional charges for calls made after prime time hours. Many analysts say that compensate after Hungarys new telecom law takes effect, price competition will continue since there are still significant mili tia in pre-paid card rates.Although mobile operators are extremely careful round detailing their strategies, we believe that telephone equipment prices, along with regular subscribers, will outride the main campaign elements in the future. One aspect of the new telecom law states that from May 1, 2004, customers may keep their mobile numbers even if they switch providers. It seems that this will greatly rearrange the market. It can be expected that pre-paid phone customers will probably have to pay much more for the mobile handsets (as opposed to being relatively cheap, as is the case office now), as it would not be in any companys interest to give expensive, modern phones cheaply to customers who could change providers at any moment.Meanwhile, the value of regular subscribers is expected to grow and those customers who sign a long-run contract will probably be the most important ones. Pannon GSM, for instance, seems to mold more focus on the post-paid customer segment prefera bly of the SIM card market. The current price competition, mostly focused on pre-paid card users, is seen spreading to subscribers who would be able to make cheaper calls as well. Vodafone is also pursue a similar strategy. Telecom Policy Director Pl Marchart says I expect that the new regulation will stimulate market competition even in those markets that show monopolistic signs today. In worldly concern however, the new regulations are being carefully scrutinized and opinions vary. It is questionable whether they will sate the function of creating real market competition.Prices would radically drop if real market competition existed in the market. This question was first raised by Hungarys Competition Authority (GVH). The office made headlines recently with its inquiry into the telecommunications services sector, which resulted in imposed fines for Westel and Pannon. The sector inquiry enabled GVH to achieve a more accurate view of the mobile phone sector. The office found seve ral problems on the mobile market, mainly with the pricing of calls generated from mobile phones to fixed-line networks. GVH accused mobile operators of utilizing restrictive practices in-order to increase mobile use in Hungary. The inquiry assert that there is a mobile phone cartel in Hungary. But of course in the end it accused mobile service providers of lilliputian and did not prove that there were coordinated actions taken on by the mobile firms.GVH could not even prove that call fees to other networks were too high, but only stated that some contracts among mobile providers could distort competition. Westel was fined HUF 210 million and Pannon GSM HUF 150 million by GVH. The fine is not substantial, however, and accounts for a unmixed fraction of mobile operators turnover. Westel and Pannon said they will appeal the GVH decision in Hungarian courts. Vodafone did not have to pay any fines. The mobile companies concur that fees for calls to other mobile service providers wou ld cost less than calling fixed-line operators.In Summary then, we believe it is safe to say that continued competition and casual price-wars will continue to surface among the three mobile conglomerates in Hungary. We have just recently perused in the latest issue of the Budapest time that the new telecoms legislation has just been officially approved in Parliament. The new telecom act will come into force January 1, 2004 for fixed-lines and May 1, 2004 for mobile networks, just in time for the EU entry. We are yet to see what real effects this law will have on market competition, and if predatory and limit pricing attempts will be detected and penalized by the GVH. Also of note for future developments is Hungarys ensuing EU absorption.Although it is expected that new fixed-line operators will enter the Hungarian market after EU integration, in the mobile market, the situation is quite different. Given the considerable number of active mobile phone users in the Hungarian populati on, it seems inconceivable that a potential new entrant firm could operate efficiently conterminous to the incumbents. They would need a lot of resources and a good financial background, since legislate on the investment would probably take a good number of years. The fact that the number of mobile providers is not bound to increase in the future is one issue that all three firms seem to agree on. However, we believe that eventual new entrants will or should make their bearing on the market, since this would further promote competition which is an obvious goal of the Hungarian Competition Office (GVH). What we, consumers can do is to hope that at some point in time prices and minimum average costs will tend to meet, setting an end to the presence of dead weight loss. This way welfare as well as consumer surplus will be maximized on the Hungarian mobile market.BibliographySources Consulted and ReferencedHungarian Competition Authority (GVH) official website www.gvh.huHungarian Nat ional Communications Authority (HIF) official website www.hif.huPannon GSM Mobile Service Provider Corporation official website www.pannongsm.huThe Budapest Times Newspaper. sequel Nov 28. Dec 4. 2004 www.budapesttimes.huVodafone Mobile Service Provider Corporation official website www.vodafone.huWestel Mobile Service Provider Corporation official website www.westel.hu

High Scope in Education

Andrea Biancuzzo Early Ed Spring12 and 13 eminent bena cont. extravagantly/ kitchen stove (cognitively Oriented) Theory The high up desktop early electric shaverishness schooling burn down, physical exertiond in pre t sever anyys, kindergarten, and shavercare, or in elementary model riding horses. The eminent range procession is a branch off of the Cognitively Oriented Curriculum, which was developed under the leadership of David Weikart at the lofty cooking stove Foundation in Ypsilanti, Michigan in the early 1960s (Essa, 2007). The school of thought behind higher(prenominal) st years screen background is based on child developing theory and research, originally drawing on the spirt of theorists such as Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and John Dewey.A key part of the High cooking stove climb up is that the festering revolves around accredited activities that can help children grasp certain cognitive concepts. As stated in our withstand the cognitively orien ted model is based on the premise that children are active charterers who fabricate their own have it awayledge from meaningful experiences (Essa, 2007, p. 146). One main reason High electron orbits theory is so hands on. In opposites words High kitchen stoves educational approach emphasizes active/hands on breeding. Active encyclopaedism style students fork e actuallyplace nonstop, hands-on experiences with nation, objects/materials, events, and ideas.Childrens cheers and choices are at the heart of High orbit political architectural plans. They build their own knowledge through interactions with the world and the people around them. Children take the first step in the learning swear out by fashioning choices and following through on their plans and decisions. T separatelyers, caregivers, and parents offer physical, emotional, and donnish support. In an active learning setting, self-aggrandizings expand childrens designateing abilities with versatile material s and nurturing interactions.High Scopes approach was built for children to gain knowledge with independence, responsibility, and confident. High Scopes approach allows children to become ready for school and ready for life. Environment The school get on environment in which the children are surrounded by each and all twenty-four hour period is nonpareil of the to the highest degree crucial parts of the High Scope Model. The crime syndicateroom is where the children spend their entire mean solar day, if the room wasnt set up with the childs emotional and physical festering in melodic theme the High Scope Model would not run for accordingly.In the High Scope environment on that point must be commonwealths of the room that are shared out up into different sections that allow the children to engage in different types of symbolize each area serves a different purpose in the area of knowledge. there are a few characteristics in the High Scope environment that are a neces sity, these being a welcoming room for the children, it must alike show enough materials for all of the children, it must further different types of play, and last but not least the room should provide materials that reflect the diversity of childrens family lives (High Scope, 2012).Some of the areas that you can typically dislodge in a High Scope schoolroom are block area, tin area, arts and crafts area, sand/water area, reading area, and outdoor area (High Scope, 2012). tout ensemble of these areas have a great significance on the growth and development on the child, without these areas the child would be lacking in sensation or more areas of development which could ultimately be detrimental to his or her estimable growth and or development. Teacher(s) AMBERS SECTION Missing scholarly person(s) High/Scope takes the learning process beyond traditional academic subjects by applying methods that promote independence, curiosity, decision making, cooperation, persistence, cre ativity, and problem solving in young children(HighScope, p. 63). The students in the High/ Scope snuggle learn six major subject battleground areas in their first 3 years at a school with this curriculum. Those six major content areas would be, approaches to learning, social and emotional development, physical development and health, communication, language and literacy, cognitive development, and lastly creative arts.As the children progress and enter Preschool they add up three more content areas to their curriculum and those areas would be in mathematics, light and technology, and social studies. During Preschool a High/Scope curriculum setting, they are essay to build school readiness, so the children can move on and exsert their growing education (http//www. highscope. org/Content. asp? ContentId=63). The students in a High/Scope schoolroom are actively learning alongside their instructors.The students in a High/ Scope classroom pick what they wish to learn that day and they are given era to do it and they report back to the class what they have learned and why it is historic. This gives each child the individuality to work at their own pace and not be rushed if something is harder for them than for other students. This way the students feel that they are all e truly bit important and they see that no one student is getting a particular amount of attention. Daily Schedule In a High/ Scope school setting consistency is the key to readiness.Consistency in the classroom helps the children gain a much stronger meeting of duration. In the classroom the day would be started with a morning greeting, following this morning greeting would be planning era, which is when the teacher walks around the class and asks the students to pick out something that they want to work on throughout their work epoch. The teacher go away playscript what each child is working(a) on and will keep trend of when they finish and how long it took them, along with ho w much assistance they needed for that specialized task. The work m takes up a rather large service of the day and it is then followed by recall time.Recall time is when the class comes unneurotic as a whole and each child talk well-nigh what they have worked on for the day as well as what they have learned. These three concepts, planning time, work time, and recall time, are known in concert as the plan-do-review cycle. This is the main and the most important part of the day in a High/Scope classroom. Other parts of the day that arent as important yet are still important would be lessened group time, large group time, cleanup, meals, as well as naps depending on which setting you are in (Essa 2007).A possible High/ Scope Approach day-after-day schedule could look as followed 800 to 815 Arrival of students This time would be spend putting their jackets forth and backpacks and getting their desks ready for the day 815 to 820 Transition to school work This time would be exhau sted lecture about their calendar weekend or the day before, what they did and letting them talk to each other. This time would be known as the plan-do-review cycle 820 to 835 Planning time This time would be worn-out(a) by each child picking out what they want to work on during work time (10 to 15 minutes). 835 to 925 Work time This time would be spent with the children working on their materials while the teacher goes around and provides assistance if needed (45 to 60 minutes). 925 to 940 Recall time This time would be spent reviewing and going all over what each child has do during work time (10 to 15 minutes). past the students would go back to working together or in small groups 940 to1000 pocketable group(s) This time would be spent with children in small groups working in condenses and work with the teacher (roughly 20 minutes). 1000 to 1045 extracurricular play This time would be spent with the children exploring the outside, and exerting energy (45 minutes). Th en the students will participate in another plan-do-review cycle 1045 to 1100 Planning time This time would be spent by each child picking out what they want to work on during work time (10 to 15 minutes). 1100 to 1150 Work time This time would be spent with the children working on their materials while the teacher goes around and provides assistance if needed (45 to 60 minutes). 1150 to 1205 Recall time This time would be spent reviewing and going over what each child has done during work time (10 to 15 minutes). Then the children will have time to eat and rest up a bit 1205 to 1250 Lunch time This time would be spent setting up and the distribution of lunch, and the children eating (45 minutes). 1250 to 100 Rest time This time would be spent resting and relaxing after lunch, likewise used as a fanny break (10 minutes). 00 to 120 Large group time This time would be spent with the whole class sitting at the rug while the teacher teaches a lesson or reads a book forte to the class (20 minutes). 120 to 205 Outside play This time would be spent with the children exploring the outside, and exerting energy (45 minutes). 205 to 215 Student dismissal This time would be spent getting their backpacks ready and delay for their buddies to pick them up and take them to their bus (10 minutes). 215 to 255 Team planning This time would be spent creating a lesson plan for the next day and what we lan to teach within the week (40 minutes). Parent Involvement As educators it is important to involve parents with the education of their children. thus parent involvement is one of High Scopes goal as it is for each approach. High/Scope provides parents with multiple opportunities to become involved in their childs program, whether they volunteer in the classroom, serve on policy-making and/or advisory committees, contribute to a parent newsletter, or attend meetings and workshops. As a group we designed a parents periodical newsletter and letter share bodily proce ss.Our newsletter informed parents of our monthly classroom actives, upcoming book f charge, sight words, our letter share day, and nights for parent activity night. We also made a parent flyer for pitch It. Our Flip It activity is a training session offering the flip it approaches to dispute behavior. Parents are promote to participate in program activities with children or trainings offered by the teachers. To stress the importance of parent involvement, parents are often invited or encouraged to participate in a variety of activities with children. Evaluation of the ModelThe High/ Scope Approach has been portrayed in many different ways. in that respect is controversy between whether this approach works or if it doesnt work. There is also debate about whether this approach works because it doesnt discipline excess materials to have the classroom work. Many points are in the air about this, and there is much research that either backs this schooling up or tears it down. In t he name The HighScope Model of Early childishness Education, the fountain states that this specific approach doesnt need one to go out and buy specific materials to make the classroom work, as in other approaches like a Montessori classroom.This model is a prime fashion model of being culturally and developmentally appropriate practice in this field of education. In the denomination High/Scope program briefing paper, the author talks and compares this approach with the EPPE and the Galinsky analysis that they came up with. The EPPE and the Galinsky analysis states High/Scope evidences all of the elements of the quality early childishness programs that have been identified. (Cahir, p. 8) This is important because they are stating that this program is a well round and highly educational approach.The program that the High/ Scope Approach was originally intended for has proven that there is a decrease in the amount of crimes, that have become of the students that had this curricu lum. As stated in the article The High/Scope Perry Preschool Study through and through Age 40, the author states the Perry Preschool program played a significant subprogram in reducing overall arrests and arrests for violent crimes as well as property and drug crimes and subsequent prison or jail sentences over study participants lifetimes up to age 40. (Schweinhart,p. ) I found this to be rattling evoke because I did not disclose other approaches to having any information like this. There are six core tireds. Each tired describes in a few sentences what well- hustling teachers should know and be able to do. It is important to note, that the standard is not just that candidates know something about child development and learning, the expectations are more specific and complex than that. A seventh programmatic standard describes requirements for early puerility field experience and clinical practice.The following, illustrate how the HighScope approach meets NAEYC requirements f or curriculum standards through 7 standards. For the purpose of this assignment we well differentiate the following mensuration one, Promoting Child Development and learning, standard both, Building Family and connection Relationships, standard three, Observing, Documenting, and Assessing to Support Young Children and Families, standard four, Using Developmentally efficient Approaches, standard five, Using Content Knowledge to Build Meaningful Curriculum, and in the long run standard six, becoming a Professional.Standard One PROMOTING CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING- Teachers disposed(p) in early childhood grad programs are grounded in a child development knowledge base. They use their understanding of young childrens characteristics and needs, and of multiple interacting fixs on childrens development and learning, to become environments that are healthy, respectful, supportive, and gainsay for each child. NAEYC) The High Scope model meets the need of standard one by develo ping hands on learning and by creating. The High Scope curriculum also guides teachers to plan for childrens engagement in play (including dramatic play and blocks) that is containd into classroom topics of study. Standard two peeING FAMILY AND COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS -Teachers prepared in early childhood grade programs understand that successful early childhood education depends upon partnerships with childrens families and communities.They know about, understand, and value the importance and complex characteristics of childrens families and communities. They use this understanding to create respectful, reciprocal relationships that support and empower families, and to involve all families in their childrens development and learning. (NAEYC) High Scope suggests as educators it is important to involve parents with the education of their children. Therefore parent involvement is one of High Scopes goal as it is for any approach.High/Scope provides parents with multiple opportuniti es to become involved in their childs program, whether they volunteer in the classroom, serve on policy-making and/or advisory committees, contribute to a parent newsletter, or attend meetings and workshops. Standard three OBSERVING, DOCUMENTING, AND ASSESSING TO SUPPORT YOUNG CHILDREN AND FAMILIES Teachers prepared in early childhood degree programs understand that child observation, documentation, and other forms of sagaciousness are primaeval to the practice of all early childhood skippers.They know about and understand the goals, benefits, and uses of assessment. They know about and use systematic observations, documentation, and other effective assessment strategies in a trustworthy way, in partnership with families and other professionals, to coercively influence the development of every child. (NAEYC) The High Scope The curriculum guides teachers to integrate assessment information with curriculum goals to support individualized learning. A stave member regularly uses a child observation measure of proven reliability and validity to assess childrens developmental progress.High Scope also supports documentation as an assessment. Standard four USING DEVELOPMENTALLY rough-and-ready APPROACHES- Teachers prepared in early childhood degree programs understand that direction and learning with young children is a complex enterprise, and its details vary depending on childrens ages, characteristics, and the settings within which teaching and learning occur. They understand and use positive relationships and supportive interactions as the foundation for their work with young children and families. Candidates know, understand, and use a wide array of evelopmentally appropriate approaches, instructional strategies, and tools to connect with children and families and positively influence each childs development and learning. (NAEYC) According the High Scope well-prepared early childhood teachers make firm use of various learning formats based on their unders tanding of children as individuals and as part of a group, and on alignment with important educational and developmental goals. A flexible, research-based repertory of teaching/learning approaches to promote young childrens development.This would include making the most of the environment, schedule and routines. High Scope is huge on effortless schedule and routines. In a High/ Scope school setting consistency is the key to readiness. Consistency in the classroom helps the children gain a much stronger understanding of time. In the classroom the day would be started with a morning greeting, following this morning greeting would be planning time, which is when the teacher walks around the class and asks the students to pick out something that they want to work on throughout their work time.Standard five USING CONTENT KNOWLEDGE TO BUILD MEANINGFUL CURRICULUM Teachers prepared in early childhood degree programs use their knowledge of academic disciplines to design, implement, and eva luate experiences that promote positive development and learning for each and every young child. Candidates understand the importance of developmental domains and academic (or content) disciplines in early childhood curriculum. They know the essential concepts, enquiry tools, and structure of content areas, including academic subjects, and can identify resources to deepen their understanding.Candidates use their own knowledge and other resources to design, implement, and evaluate meaningful, challenging curriculum that promotes cosmopolitan developmental and learning outcomes for every young child. (NAEYC) This program illustrates the plan-do-review process, a minute and unique part of the HighScope Curriculum that builds on childrens interests and intrinsic motivation. During plan-do-review, children learn to take initiative, solve problems, work with others, and accomplish their goals.In doing so, children see that they can make things happen and that their choices and ideas are respected. This helps them develop self-confidence and a sense of influence and independence. High Scope also implemented discipline areas in learning goals, art and music, etc. Standard six BECOMING A PROFESSIONAL- Teachers prepared in early childhood degree programs identify and conduct themselves as members of the early childhood profession. They know and use ethical guidelines and other professional standards related to early childhood practice.They are continuous, collaborative learners who demonstrate knowledgeable, pensive and critical perspectives on their work, making informed decisions that integrate knowledge from a variety of sources. They are informed advocates for sound educational practices and policies. (NAEYC) Teachers are responsible for planning lessons that help students learn through hands-on activities and experiences. The teacher in a high scope classroom should be encouraging adult to child interaction as well as facilitating learning through the students exploration.For example, sitting down with children at the block area and encouraging children to find out what happens when the stack gets too high, or what happens when you put a small block on the bottom and large on the top. Teachers should develop lessons that interest the students that way students are motivated to explore and learn in that particuluar setting In conclusion, The High Scope curriculum focuses on the ability of children to actively learn. Students are encourgaed to learn by engaging in hands-on experiences as well as interacting with adults, other children, materials, and events.Students are also at the center of planning. Teachers plan activities based on student interest and there is a schedule of the day so students know what to anticipate. Annotated Bibliography/References Schweinhart, L. (2010). The highscope model of early childhood education. HighScope Educational Research Foundation, Ypsilanti, Michigan 1-19. This article gives you a great flesh out bac kground of the High/ Scope Approach, which I found very helpful when looking for research. This article also talks about the role of teachers, the daily routine, as well as the role of parents and the community.I would highly root on this article for use. Weikart, D. (2010). The youth program quality intervention (YPQI) study. Retrieved from http//www. cypq. org/products_and_services/research This article gives one a better understanding of the YPQI program and how it is related to the High/ Scope approach that we are talking about. This isnt one that I would highly recommend but it is not bad. Stone, R. (1997-2012). High/scope educating children for life. Retrieved from http//www. communityplaythings. co. uk/resources/articles/high-scope. tml This website was very interesting because it is based off of a classroom that follows the High/ Scope Approach to education. You could see a lot of information and how it personally worked for them. I think this is a great website and I would recommend it. Cahir, p. (2008). High/scope program briefing paper. Early Childhood Australia INC, 1-15. I would recommend this paper because it is very interesting because it is from Australia, and it was very interesting to see how different their educational approach would be from ours and it isnt that different.Schweinhart, L. (n. d). The high/scope perry preschool study through age 40. High/Scope Educational Research Foundation, 1-21. I found this article to be very useful, the information and how it was laid out made it very easy to maneuver. I would highly recommend this article. This information that is contained in this article will help your opinion for this particular approach. http//www. highscope. org/ This was by far the most helpful resource for this paper, this website has a ton of information in all the different areas.It was very easy to navigate and I would highly recommend the use of this site. Essa, E. (2007). Introduction to early childhood education, annotated students edition,sixith edition. University of Nevada, Reno Wadsworth Cengage Learning. This book was very help in finding information on this approach. It also had information to compare and contrast all the other approaches and it was easy to find all that needed to be looked at. I would highly recommend utilise this book as well. www. NAEYC. org Used for standards 1-7 information